الفهرس 
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Abstract
As the level of contamination of both chicken and beef meat and its products with different food-borne pathogens constitutes serious problems for consumers, so, the present study was conducted to throw light over the bacterial status of chicken ,beef meat and common meat products (minced meat; beef burger and sausage) at Kaliobia Governorate. In addition, throw spotlights upon E.coli; Salmonellae and S. aureus isolated from examined samples, studying their cultural, biochemical, serological characters , In-vitro anti-microbial Sensitivity for them and detection of the Staphylococcal enterotoxin strains. Therefore, the present study was performed on a total of 125 random samples of fresh broiler chicken, beef meat and beef meat products viz: Minced meat, beef burger and sausage (25 for each) from different shops at Benha city were inspected for food- borne pathogens (E. coli; Salmonellae and S.aureus).
The results of Food- borne pathogens (E.coli; Salmonellae and S.aureus) isolation revealed that, 79 out of 125 samples were positive for isolation (63.2%); represented as 20 positive samples (16.0%&25.3%) from minced meat samples followed by 17 sausages (13.6%&21.5%); 16chicken meat(12.8%&20.3%);14beef meat(11.2%&17.7%) and finally 12beef burger (9.6%&15.2%) samples and most samples showed mixed isolates. Moreover, 113 strains were recovered from 125 samples, includes E.coli (53=46.9%); Salmonellae (20=17.7%) and S. aureus (40=35.4%). They were isolated mostly from minced meat samples (32=28.3%); sausage (24=21.2%); chicken meat (22= 19.4%); beef meat (21=18.6%) and finally beef burger samples (14=12.4%).
The results of E.coli isolation revealed that, 53 strains were isolated mostly from minced meat samples (13= 24.5%) followed by sausage (12=22.6%); beef meat (11=20.8%); chicken meat (10 = 18.9%) and beef burger samples (7=13.2%).
Regarding the serological identification of 53 isolated E.coli, 43 strains were typed as O55:H7 (13=24.5%); O78 (5=9.4%); O111:H4 (8=15.1%); O26:H11 (7=13.2%); O119:H4 (2=3.8%) and O125:H18 (8=15.1%). While other 10 strains (18.9%) were untyped by the available antisera.
The results of antibiotic sensitivity tests for the isolated E.coli revealed that, the isolated E.coli were highly sensitive to Enrofloxacin; Cefotaxime; Gentamycin and Norfloxacin. Meanwhile, they were moderately sensitive for Ciprofloxacin and Doxycycline. Moreover, they were very high resistance to Pefloxacin; Streptomycin; Ampicillin; Amoxicillin and Oxytetracycline. This is of serious concern because these drugs are still considered the most recommended for the treatment of colibacillosis in both animal and human.
The results of Salmonella isolation revealed that, a total of 20 Salmonella strains were isolated from examined samples where7 (35.0%); 4 (20.0%); 4 (20.0%); 3 (15.0%) and 2 (10.0%) were isolated from minced meat; chicken meat; sausage; beef meat and beef burger samples respectively.
Regarding the serological identification of 20 isolated Salmonella strains revealed that, S. Typhimurium was the predominant serotype isolated (10=50.0%) followed by S. Enteritidis (8=40.0%) and S. Typhi (2=10.0%) which were from groups B and D.
The results of antibiotic sensitivity tests for the isolated Salmonella strains cleared that, the isolated Salmonella strains were highly sensitive to Gentamycin; Norfloxacin; Enrofloxacin; Ciprofloxacin and Cefotaxime. Meanwhile, they were moderately sensitive for Doxycycline and weakly sensitive for Trimethoprim/ Sulphamethoxazol and Neomycin. Moreover, they were very high resistance for Ampicillin; Amoxicillin; Streptomycin and Oxytetracycline.
The results of S. aureus isolation revealed that, 40 strains were isolated from minced meat (12=30.0%); sausage and chicken meat (8=20.0% for each one); beef meat (7=17.5%) and beef burger (5=12.5%). Meanwhile, all isolated strains were coagulase positive S. aureus ,where 36 strains with high coagulase reaction” 4+ “ and 4 strains were” 3+” moderate one. Moreover, The results of SET- RPLA test revealed that, 6 strains out of 10 randomly examined strains (60.0%) were enterotoxigenic and classified according to type of toxin into (3A;1 B; 1C, 1A&C).
The in- vitro sensitivity tests for the isolated S.aureus cleared that, the isolated S.aureus were highly sensitive to Norfloxacin; Enrofloxacin; Gentamycin; Ciprofloxacin and Cefotaxime. Meanwhile, they were highly resistant for Ampicillin; Amoxicillin; Oxytetracycline and Streptomycin.
Finally, our results proved that, a high bacterial load beside a relatively high rate of pathogens (E.coli; Salmonellae and coagulase positive S. aureus) that considered as meat-borne pathogens of public health important. In addition, they are highly sensitive to Enrofloxacin; Cefotaxime; Gentamycin and Norfloxacin meanwhile, multiple antibiotic resistances (Ampicillin; Amoxicillin; Oxytetracycline and Streptomycin) are widely spread among them.