الفهرس 
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Abstract
Malathion is most widely used broad spectrum insecticide in the organophosphate chemical family. It has serious harmful effect on human and animal health even with low doses. Malathion can enter the body by eating or drinking contaminated food as stored grains or water or through dermal contact with contaminated plants, soils or surfaces.
Malathion has been shown to induce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation; most serious effects result from chronic exposures due to these effects. Also it shows organ and species specific toxicity with relation to the liver, heart, kidney, testis and other organs.
The susceptibility of hepatocytes to oxidative stress due to exposure to malathion is a function of the overall balance between the degree of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense capacity. Intoxication with malathion induce various histopathological changes in the liver tissues also it induce elevation in level of liver enzymes that may result from leakage of enzymes from the damaged tissues.
Malathion and other OPs cause damage to testis by their ability to cross the blood–testis barrier, after which they induce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation that damages the biological membranes in the testis. Malathion induces histopathological changes in the seminiferous tubules. The sperm themselves may also be damaged by the oxidative effects of Ops which reduce their motility.
Vitamin C has the ability to sequester the singlet oxygen radical and regenerate reduced vitamin E back to the active state. These functions work to prevent peroxidation of cellular lipid membranes so it has hepatoprotective activity in malathion induced oxidative damage, also it ameliorate the effects of malathion on morphology and the integrity of the testis.
Vitamin E is the most effective chain breaking lipid soluble antioxidant in the biological membranes and protects cellular structures against damage from oxygen free radicals and reactive products of lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E is effective in reducing malathion induced hepatotoxicity. Also it has protective effect on male reproductive system specially if combined with other antioxidants.
The biochemical results of the present study of liver enzyme and albumin level showed significant changes compared to negative control group. Combination of vitamin C with malathion & vitamin E with malathion & both vitamins C & E with malathion show significant changes in liver enzyme and albumin level compared to malathion group. While combination of vitamin C with malathion & vitamin E with malathion show non significant changes in the liver enzyme and albumin level compared to combination of vitamins C & E with malathion.
Testosterone level of malathion treated rats show significant decrease compared to negative control group. Combination of vitamin C and malathion & vitamin E and malathion & both vitamins C & E with malathion show significant increase in testosterone level compared to malathion group, while combination of vitamin C with malathion & vitamin E with malathion show non significant changes in testosterone level compared to combination of vitamins C & E with malathion.
In histopathological examination of liver specimen stained by H &E, animals treated with malathion showed disorganization of hepatic parenchyma, necrosis of hepatocyte and pyknotic nuclei. In combined treatment of vitamin C and malathion , vitamin E and malathion and both vitamins C & E with malathion showed great improvement of hepatic architecture with restoration of normal appearing hepatocytes with mild congested centrilobular venule.
In histopathological examination of testis specimen stained by H&E, animals treated with malathion showed disorganization of seminefrous tubules. In combined treatment of vitamin C and malathion, vitamin E and malathion and both vitamins C & E with malathion, histopathlogical alterations were markedly reduced with great improvement of architecture of seminefrous tubule.
In EM examination of liver cells of animals treated with malathion, damage on nucleus and cytoplasmic organelle of the hepatic cells were noted. In combined treatment of vitamin C and malathion, vitamin E and malathion and both vitamins C & E with malathion, great improvement in the form of euchromatic nucleus with relatively dispersed chromatin compared to malathion treated animals.
In EM examination of testis animals treated with malathion showed abnormal testicular architecture, decrease spermatogonia with large vacuole and little cellularity as compared to negative control group. chromolysis (karyolysis) of the spermatid nuclei. In leydig cells, cellular damage was also shown.
In combined treatment with vitamin C and malathion, vitamin E and malathion and both vitamins C & E with malathion, showing normal spermatogonia resting on normal basement membrane. Spermatid showed normal character. Leydig cells have irregular nuclei, euchromatic with prominent nucleolus
Conclusion
In case of liver, malathion exposure for 2 months was associated with hepatic damage and biochemical changes in liver function with disorganization of hepatic parenchyma and damage on nucleus of the hepatic cells.
With administration of vitamin C, vitamin E individually with malathion there is improvement to larger extent of biochemical pararameters and restoration of hepatic architecture in the light and electron level examination.
When combination of vitamin C & E administered with malathion, improvements at histopathological and ultrastructural level similar to when vitamin C or E given individually with malathion were observed. Biochemical properties show non significant change.
In case of testis, malathion exposure for 2 months was associated with a decrease in testosterone levels with degenerative changes in tubules were noted in malathion treated group compared to negative control. Leydig cells were also affected.
With administration of vitamin C, vitamin E individually with malathion there is significant increase of testosterone level with restoration of normal structure of semineferous tubules and nearly normal spermatogenic cord. Improvement of ultrastructure damage induced by malathion on testis.
When combination of vitamin C & E administered with malathion, improvement in histopathological and ultrastructural level similar to when vitamin C or E given individually with malathion, also testosterone level show non significant changes compared to vitamin C or vitamin E given individually with malathion.
Recommendations
The diet of workers exposed daily to malathion in their wok should contain considerable amount of vitamin C & E.
Antioxidants like vitamin C & E should be included in treatment of patient with chronic exposure to OP specially malathion.
Further studying of the malathion toxicity and its effect on the quality of semen in humans.
Further studying of the effect of vitamin C & E over large period of time to show its protective effect on humans over prolonged period.
Studying the effect of combination of other antioxidant other than vitamin C and E should be conducted specially those found naturally in food.