الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY UMMARYUMMARYUMMARYUMMARY
Abdominal compartment syndrome is a potentially lethal condition caused by any event that produces intra-abdominal hypertension. It was first described in surgical patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, trauma, bleeding or infection. But in recent years it has also been described in patients with other pathologies such as burn injury and sepsis and in medical patients.
Normal IAP is approximately 5–7 mmHg in normal adults. IAH is defined by a sustained or repeated pathological elevation in IAP≥12mmHg. It is graded as follows; grade I: IAP 12–15 mmHg; grade II: IAP 16–20 mmHg; grade III: IAP 21–25 mmHg and grade IV: IAP>25mmHg. ACS is defined as a sustained IAP>20mmHg (with or without an APP < 60mmHg) that is associated with new organ dysfunction/failure.
IAH/ACS is classified according either the duration of IAH or the cause of the IAH. It is classified according to the cause into; primary, secondary or recurrent. While the classification according to duration into; hyperacute, acute, subacute and chronic.
Patients who are at risk for possible development of ACS should have baseline measurement of IAP at admission to the
Summary
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ICU. In clinical practice, there are reliable, indirect methods of measuring IAP include measuring pressure in inferior vena cava, stomach, uterus, rectum or urinary bladder. The reference standard for intermittent IAP measurement is via the bladder with a maximal instillation volume of 20-25 mL of sterile saline. The IAP should be expressed in millimeters of mercury and measured at end-expiration in the complete supine position after the clinician ensures that abdominal muscle contractions are absent and that the transducer is zeroed at the level of the mid-axillary line.
ACS is a potentially lethal condition that causes ischemia of the peritoneal organs. Pathophysiological effects are wide-ranging and predispose patients to multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Hemodynamic, respiratory, renal and neurological abnormalities are classic findings.
To a great extent, the best treatment for ACS is prevention. Nonsurgical measures can effectively treat lesser degrees of IAH and ACS. These measures include; Gastric decompression, sedation, neuromuscular blockade, body positioning, Paracentesis or Prokinetic agents. But surgical decompression remains the gold standard for rapid, definitive treatment of fully developed ACS.