الفهرس 
Introduction
Sugarcane yield in relation to water applicationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 32 |  |  |
| | | from | 32 | | |
Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in an area cultivated by sugarcane crop during spring season of 2013/14 and its first ratoon in 2014/15 at the Experimental Farm of El-Mattana Agriculture Research Station, Luxor, Egypt. It is located at 25 , 41- N latitude, 32 , 39- E longitude and 82 m altitude, representing semi-arid climate with hot summers and fairly cool winters. The conducted experiment aimed at studying the effects of different irrigation regimes and manners on water consumptive use and water use efficiency (WUS) of sugarcane growth and its yield as well as sugarcane yield response to potassium fertilization. The experiment was laid out randomized complete block design in split-split plots with three replicates. The main plots were assigned for irrigation regimes (0.8, 1 and 1.2 cumulative pan evaporation. The split units were devoted to irrigation manners (every furrow and alternative furrow. Sub split plots were occupied by K levels (25, 50 and 75 Kg K2O/ fed). All the experimental treatments were randomly distributed on the respective plots. Sugarcane cultivar G-T.54/9 was planted on April 3rd, 2013 and it was harvested on March 15th, 2014 for plant crop and April 10th, 2015 for first ratoon. All the agronomic practices were applied as commonly used for growing sugarcane and carried out according to the recommendation of the Ministry of Agriculture.
The obtained results could be summarized as:
5-A) Sugarcane plant crop
1-1- Total actual evapotranspiration (ETa)
• The average ETa values under alternative irrigated furrow treatments (5215 m3) were less than that under every irrigated furrow treatments (5923 m3).
• The average ETa values were 3952.50, 4979.39 and 8134.33 m3/ fed for irrigation regime of 0.80, 1.00 and 1.20 cumulative E-pan.
• The average ETa amounts were 5405, 5559 and 5742 m3 when soil fertilized by 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O / fed.
• The KC values varied between 0.46 and 1.26
• The KC rose sharply to 1.26 in every furrow irrigated at 1.20 CPE fertilized by 75 kg potassium treatment
1-2- Irrigation efficiency (IE)
• The recorded average IE values were 62.16, 70.78 and 78.17% at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 irrigation regimes.
• The recorded average IE values were 68.45, 70.35 and 72.32 % at 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O / fed.
• The conventional all furrow irrigated treatments (All-FI) at 1.2 CPE fertilized by 75 kg K2O / fed achieved the highest value of irrigation efficiency (86.16%) while the lowest one (57.52%) was recorded at All-FI with 0.8 CPE at 50 kg K2O / fed.
1-3- Field water use efficiency (FWUE)
• The average value of FWUE ranged between 2.09 and 5.44 kg/m3.
• The average FWUE values were 3.43, 4.64 and 3.66 kg/ m3 at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 irrigation regimes, respectively.
• The average FWUE values were 4.14 and 3.68 kg/ m3 in ALL-FI and AFI treatments respectively.
• The average FWUE values were 3.14, 4.03 and 4.56 kg/ m3 at 25, 50 and 75 kg K/ fed., respectively.
• The alternative irrigated furrow (AFI) at 1.0 CPE fertilized by 75 kg K2O / fed achieved the highest value of FWUE (5.44 kg/ m3) while the lowest one (2.09 kg/ m3) was recorded at AFI with 0.8 CPE at 25 kg K2O / fed.
1-4- Crop water use efficiency (CWUE)
• The average value of CWUE ranged between 3.33 and 8.86 kg/m3.
• The average CWUE values were 5.49, 6.60 and 4.66 kg/ m3 at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 irrigation regimes, respectively
• The average CWUE values were 5.80 and 5.38 kg/ m3 in ALL-FI and AFI treatments, respectively.
• The average CWUE values were 4.58, 5.75 and 6.43 kg/ m3 at 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O / fed., respectively.
• The alternative irrigated furrow treatments (AFI) at 1.0 CPE fertilized by 75 kg K2O /fed achieved the highest value of CWUE (8.86 kg/ m3) while the lowest one(3.33 kg/m3) was recorded at AFI with 0.8 CPE at 25 kg K2O/ fed.
2-1- Sugarcane stalk length
• The average values of sugarcane stalk length were 199.15 and 219 cm in AFI and ALL-FI treatments, respectively.
• The average values of sugarcane stalk length were 192.33, 205.28 and 229.61 cm at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 CPE, respectively.
• The average values of sugarcane stalk length were 196.22, 211.06 and 219.94 cm when soil fertilized by 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O / fed, respectively.
2-2- Sugarcane stalk diameter
• Sugarcane stalk diameter realized almost the same value (2.82 cm) under all furrow irrigated (ALL-FI) or alternative furrow irrigated (AFI) treatments.
• The average values of sugarcane stalk diameter were 2.78, 2.79 and 2.89 cm at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 CPE, respectively.
• The average values of sugarcane stalk diameter were 2.78, 2.80 and 2.88 cm when soil fertilized by 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O / fed, respectively.
2-3- Sugarcane yield
• On average basis, sugarcane yield were 26.80 and 33.52 ton/ fed in AFI and ALL-FI treatments, respectively.
• The average sugarcane yields were 19.87, 32.50 and 38.11 ton/ fed at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 CPE, respectively.
• The average values of sugarcane yield were 24.68, 31.08 and 34.72 ton/ fed when soil fertilized by 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O / fed, respectively.
• The highest sugarcane yield (45.33 ton/ fed) was recorded in plot with
ALL-FI at 1.2 CPE when fertilized by 75 kg K2O /fed. The lowest one (11.72 ton/ fed) was recorded in plot with AFI at 0.8 CPE when fertilized by 25 kg K2O / fed.
2-4- Sugar yield
• On average basis, sugar yield were 3.43 and 4.43 ton/ fed in AFI and ALL-FI treatments, respectively.
• The average sugar yields were 2.50, 4.20 and 5.09 ton/ fed at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 CPE, respectively.
• The average values of sugar yield were 3.26, 4.06 and 4.47 ton/ fed when soil fertilized by 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O / fed, respectively.
• The highest sugar yield (5.96 ton/ fed) was recorded in plot with ALL-FI at 1.2 CPE when fertilized by 50 kg K2O / fed. The lowest one (1.45 ton/ fed) was recorded in plot with AFI at 0.8 CPE when fertilized by 25 kg K2O / fed.
2-5- Juice quality
• The recorded Brix values were almost around 22 % and irrigation or fertilization treatments realized no effect on Brix values.
• The recorded sucrose values were almost around 19 % and irrigation or fertilization treatments realized no effect on sucrose values.
• The recorded juice purity percentage values ranged between 84.07 and 92.33%.
• The lowest juice purity percentage (84.07%) was recorded in plot with AFI at 0.8 CPE when fertilized by 50 kg K2O / fed. The highest one (92.33%) was recorded in plot with ALL-FI at 1.2 CPE when fertilized by 25 kg
K2O / fed.
• The reducing sugars percentage values ranged between 0.42 and 0.57 %.
• The lowest reducing sugars percentage (0.42%) was recorded in plot with ALL-FI at 1.0 CPE when fertilized by 75 kg K2O / fed. The highest one (0.57%) was recorded in plots with AFI at 0.8 CPE when fertilized by 50 kg K2O / fed.
• The pol percentage values ranged between 14.58 and 15.84 %.
The lowest pol percentage (14.58%) was recorded in plot with AFI at 1.2 CPE when fertilized by 50 kg K2O / fed. The highest one (15.84%) was recorded in plots with ALL-FI at 1.2 CPE when fertilized by 25 kg K2O / fed.
• Sugar recovery percentage was not significantly affected by irrigation practices and potassium fertilization level.
• The highest value of sugar recovery percentage (14.59 %) was recorded in plot with ALL-FI at 1.2 CPE when fertilized by 25 kg K2O / fed. The lowest one (12.16%) was recorded in plots with AFI at 0.8 CPE when fertilized by 50 kg K2O / fed.
5-B) Sugarcane ratoon crop
1-1- Total actual evapotranspiration (ETa)
• The average ETa values under alternative furrow irrigated treatments (6080 m3) were less than that under all furrow irrigated treatments (6693 m3).
• The average ETa values were 4287, 5873 and 9000 m3/ fed for irrigation regime of 0.80, 1.00 and 1.20 cumulative E-pan.
• The average ETa amounts were 6218, 6510 and 6431 m3 when soil fertilized by 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O / fed.
• The KC values varied between 0.70 and 1.63
• The KC rose sharply to 1.63 in all furrow irrigated at 1.20 CPE fertilized by 75 kg potassium treatment.
1-2- Irrigation efficiency (IE)
• The recorded average IE values were 69.18, 80.02 and 84.52% at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 irrigation regimes.
• The recorded average IE values were 76.41, 79.60 and 77.70 % at 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O / fed.
• The conventional every irrigated furrow treatments (ALL-FI) at 1.2 CPE fertilized by 50 kg K/ fed achieved the highest value of irrigation efficiency (88.07%) while the lowest one (66.90%) was recorded at ALL-FI with 0.8 CPE at 50 kg K2O / fed.
1-3- Field water use efficiency (FWUE)
• The average value of FWUE ranged between 3.05 and 5.93 kg/m3.
• The average FWUE values were 3.81, 5.73 and 4.59 kg/ m3 at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 irrigation regimes, respectively.
• The average FWUE values were 4.22 and 5.21 kg/ m3 in AFI and ALL-FI treatments respectively.
• The average FWUE values were 4.47, 4.74 and 4.93 kg/ m3 at 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O / fed., respectively.
• The alternative furrow irrigated (AFI) at 1.0 CPE fertilized by 75 kg K2O/fed achieved the highest value of FWUE (5.93 kg/ m3) while the lowest one (3.05 kg/ m3) was recorded at AFI with 0.8 CPE at 25 kg K2O / fed.
1-4- Crop water use efficiency (CWUE)
• The average value of CWUE ranged between 4.41 and 8.47 kg/m3.
• The average CWUE values were 5.52, 7.20 and 5.42 kg/ m3 at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 irrigation regimes, respectively.
• The average CWUE values were 6.62 and 5.48 kg/ m3 in ALL-FI and AFI treatments, respectively.
• The average CWUE values were 5.83, 5.94 and 6.38 kg/ m3 at 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O / fed., respectively
• The alternative irrigated furrow treatments (AFI) at 1.0 CPE fertilized by 75 kg K2O / fed achieved the highest value of CWUE (8.47 kg/ m3) while the lowest one (4.41 kg/m3) was recorded at AFI with 0.8 CPE at 25 kg K2O/ fed.
2-1- Sugarcane stalk length
• The average values of sugarcane stalk length were 187.59 and 234.44 cm in AFI and ALL-FI treatments, respectively.
• The average values of sugarcane stalk length were 176.39, 208.89 and 247.78 cm at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 CPE, respectively.
• The average values of sugarcane stalk length were 195.83, 215.83 and 221.39 cm when soil fertilized by 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O / fed, respectively.
2-2- Sugarcane stalk diameter
• Sugarcane stalk diameter values were 2.70 and 2.86 cm under AFI and ALL-FI treatments, respectively.
• The average values of sugarcane stalk diameter were 2.79, 2.72 and 2.84 cm at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 CPE, respectively.
• The average values of sugarcane stalk diameter were 2.68, 2.82 and 2.85 cm when soil fertilized by 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O / fed, respectively.
2-3- Sugarcane yield
• On average basis, sugarcane yield were 32.31 and 44.26 ton/ fed in AFI and ALL-FI treatments, respectively.
• The average sugarcane yields were 23.74, 42.05 and 49.06 ton/ fed at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 CPE, respectively.
• The average values of sugarcane yield were 36.26, 38.36 and 40.23 ton/ fed when soil fertilized by 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O / fed, respectively.
• The highest sugarcane yield (62.78 ton/ fed) was recorded in plot with
ALL-FI at 1.2 CPE when fertilized by 75 kg K2O / fed. The lowest one (18.28 ton/ fed) was recorded in plot with AFI at 0.8 CPE when fertilized by 25 kg K2O / fed.
2-4- Sugar yield
• On average basis, sugar yield were 3.88 and 5.57 ton/ fed in AFI and ALL-FI treatments, respectively.
• The average sugar yields were 2.99, 5.02 and 6.15 ton/ fed at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 CPE, respectively.
• The average values of sugar yield were 4.48, 4.57 and 5.11 ton/ fed when soil fertilized by 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O / fed, respectively.
• The highest sugar yield (8.61 ton/ fed) was recorded in plot with ALL-FI at 1.2 CPE when fertilized by 75 kg K2O / fed. The lowest one (2.24 ton/ fed) was recorded in plot with AFI at 0.8 CPE when fertilized by 25 kg K2O / fed.
2-5- Juice quality
• The recorded Brix values were almost around 22 % and irrigation or fertilization treatments realized no effect on Brix values.
• The recorded sucrose values ranged between 17.33 and 19.27 %.
• On average basis, the values of sucrose % were 18.12 and 18.35 % in AFI and ALL-FI treatments, respectively.
• The average values of sucrose % were 18.49, 17.90 and 18.31 % at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 CPE, respectively.
• The average values of sucrose % were 18.34, 18.03 and 18.33 % when soil fertilized by 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O / fed, respectively.
• The highest sucrose percentage (19.27 %) was recorded in plot with ALL-FI at 1.2 CPE when fertilized by 75 kg K2O / fed. The lowest one (17.33%) was recorded in plot with AFI at 1.0 CPE when fertilized by 75 kg K2O / fed.
• The recorded juice purity percentage values ranged between 81.09 and 88.61%.
• The lowest juice purity percentage (81.09%) was recorded in plot with ALL-FI at 1.0 CPE when fertilized by 50 kg K2O / fed. The highest one (88.61%) was recorded in plot with ALL-FI at 1.2 CPE when fertilized by75 kg K2O/fed.
• The reducing sugars percentage values ranged between 0.36 and 0.48 %.
• The lowest reducing sugars percentage (0.36%) was recorded in plot with AFI at 1.2 CPE when fertilized by 50 kg K2O / fed. The highest one (0.48%) was recorded in plots with AFI at 0.8 CPE when fertilized by 25 kg K2O / fed.
• The pol percentage values ranged between 14.21 and 15.40 %.
• The lowest pol percentage (14.21%) was recorded in plot with AFI at 1.0 CPE when fertilized by 50 kg K2O / fed. The highest one (15.40%) was recorded in plots with ALL-FI at 1.2 CPE when fertilized by 75 kg K2O / fed.
• The highest value of sugar recovery percentage (13.72 %) was recorded in plot with ALL-FI at 1.2 CPE when fertilized by 75 kg K2O / fed. The lowest one (11.49%) was recorded in plots with AFI at 1.0 CPE when fertilized by 50 kg K2O / fed.
Recommendation
• Alternative furrow with appropriate irrigation intervals (14 days) can be used as an efficient method for crop production in arid areas where production depends heavily on irrigation.
• Alternative irrigated furrow at 1.0 CPE fertilized by 75 kg K2O / fed treatment controlled stress irrigation without the risk of reduced yield production.
• Under El-Mattana district circumstances, KC value of 1.26 and 1.63 could be considered the most suitable one that might have achieved the highest ETa at both plant crop and first ratoon respectively.
• Potassium fertilization is essential practice to increase sugarcane crop production
• The work on water stress thresholds for irrigation is promising for reductions in water use as well as improvements in cane quality.
• There is a need to better understand the consequences of variable timing and duration of water deficit during the first half of the growing period on sugarcane productivity, in terms of biological and commercial yield
• This work needs to be tested more thoroughly before growers will be willing to cut back on water use.