الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 32 |  |  |
| | | from | 32 | | |
Abstract
1- Emamectin benzoate seemed to be acted as a stomach poison, it was weak via contact. The weak lipophobic properties of emamectin benzoate make it more effective against Lepidoptera larvae and less effective as an ovicide or an adulticide.
2- The greatest larvicidal activity of emamectin benzoate when compared to spinosad, lufenuron and chlorpyrifos-methyl and its fast degradation under field conditions, in addition to its safety on predators, make it safer for controlling Lepidoptera pests in vegetable crops.
3- Larvae exposed to sublethal concentrations of emamectin benzoate consumed less food, gained less weight and took longer time to develop to pupal stage. Fecundity of emerged adults and fertility of deposited eggs were significantly reduced.
4- The author expects short life of emamectin benzoate in pesticide market for at least two reasons; firstly the fast evolution of resistance and the cross resistance toward insecticides from different chemical groups having different mechanism of actions.
5- Based on the obtained data, the sequences of pesticide in pesticide rotation may not only depend on the variations in the target sites. Resistance to spinosad, lufenuron and chlorpyrifos methyl was crossed from emamectin benzoate resistant colony although of having different sites of action.
6- The metabolic detoxification processes via general esterase(s), P450-Monooxygenase(s) and GSTs may play important role in the evolution of resistance to emamectin benzoate and the cross resistance to other three insecticides.
7- Resistance to emamectin benzoate in cotton leafworm population is linked with reducing the biological fitness of this insect species, which minimize the outbreaks of resistant populations in the field.
8- Emamectin benzoate performs well even when used at half of the recommended rate, however duplicating the rate of application did not help in elongating the biological half lives for more than 5 days. So the author recommends using this insecticide at half of the recommended rate.
9- Emamectin is relatively safe on predators; it significantly affects predator population during the first day after treatment. However the reduction in predator population dropped starting from day 2 and reach to the minimum rate on day 8.