الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of hyperglycemia due to defective insulin secretion, defective insulin action or both. It is the most common metabolic disorder that occurs during pregnancy. It has two clinical patterns; either pregestational diabetes mellitus or gestational diabetes mellitus.
In type 1 diabetes, insulin is functionally absent because of the destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas. Type 1 DM occurs most commonly in juveniles but can occur in adults, especially in those in their late 30s and early 40s.
Pregnancy tends to reset the glucose homeostasis in the direction of diabetes. About 1-2% of all pregnant women develop an abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy, but most often glucose tolerance returns to normal postpartum. This condition is called gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
Pregnancy in women with diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations, obstetric complications, and neonatal morbidity. These adverse outcomes are at least in part related to periconceptional care, especially the level of glycaemic control. Adequate preconceptional care reduces the frequency of congenital malformations and improves outcome of pregnancy.
The current perinatal mortality rates among women who are diabetic remain approximately twice those observed in the nondiabetic population. Congenital malformations, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and extreme prematurity account for most perinatal deaths.