الفهرس 
Title pageOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 146 |  |  |
| | | from | 146 | | |
Abstract
Agriculture drainage water pollution represents one of the important sources of toxic elements that needs more suitable remote sensing or direct measurements in liquid materials in order to monitor and control the agriculture pollution. In terms of requirements, the technique should allow access to difficult or hostile environments, and it should have a fair limit of detection (mgL-1 range) with a large dynamic range in order to cover different needs. Moreover, measurements should be sufficiently reproducible for process monitoring. In the present work, the concentrations of six of the most common elements (sodium, magnesium, calcium, copper, iron and lead) in the agriculture drainage water and soil in the EL-Saff village, which is located south of Hellwan city, Cairo, Egypt, have been followed up as water and soil pollutants. Three manholes and nine subsurface drain pipes were used to study the water table pollution in El-Saff village. Soil samples were collected near every observation well at depths: 25cm, 50cm, 100cm, 150cm and 200cm below soil surface at the beginning and the end of the study to monitor the different ions. In the same time, water samples were collected from a net of observation wells to study ions fluctuation and concentration in water table during the study period. Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique has been selected to perform elemental analysis of the soil and water samples. Throughout the course of our measurements, an echelle spectrometer coupled with an Intensified charge Coupled Device (ICCD) camera were used to obtain panoramic spectra (200 - 900 nm) of high resolution. A Neodymium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd: Y AG) laser beam 1064 nm,100 mJ/Pulse has been used for generation of laser induced plasma on water surface and soil. Calibration curves were constructed for each of the elements under investigation, using oxygen emission line at 777 nm as a proper internal standard, in case of the water sample, while magnesium line at 280.3 nm was the optimum internal standard line for soil samples. It is known that the sodium ions are common in water table due to their high solubility compared with other ions (Mg, Ca, Cu, Fe, Pb). Also the high concentration of ions in water table indicates better leaching of ions to pipe drains outside the soil profile. On the other hand, iron ions represent the major ions precipitate in forms of less soluble salts and complex compounds at soil surface and the different layers of the soil profile, causing toxicity for plants and creates hardpans that affect the water table depth and makes it nearer from the soil surface. It is important to mention that; the water courses which serve the area under study are subjected to pollution from the neighboring factories. The results demonstrate the effectives of using the (LIBS) technique in such important environmental application. Future field measurements are feasible adopting a suitable portable (LIBS) system.