الفهرس 
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Abstract
This work aimed at studying the applicability of selected phthalocyanines in various applications. Structural versatility of phthalocyanines allows for controlling their chemical and physical properties and consequently optimizing their efficiency for a certain application. In addition to their ease of preparation and low toxicity, phthalocyanines are known for their high molar absorption coefficients in both ultraviolet and visible regions of light spectrum. Therefore, these compounds can be used as protective materials against UV rays, when incorporated in various paint formulations.
Phthalocyanines are known as electro-active materials and this electro-activity can be further enhanced via covalent attachment of phthalocyanines to other electro-active materials such as graphene oxide.This electro-activity is very sensitive to minute changes in concentration of ions,such as citrate and phosphate, present in the surrounding medium. Depending on these two facts, ionophores based on phthalocyanine and graphene oxide conjugates can be used in developing potential selective electrodes for determining of different ions in drug formulations.
Chapter 1
Introduction part:which describes the general properties of phthalocyanines and metallo-phthalocyanines,synthesis their features and their uses.
Chapter 2
Experimental part: which describes the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of some phthalocyanines.
Chapter 3:
Application of phthalocyanines in water borne paint formulation where it proved that incorporation of Phthalocyanine pigments in the paint
formula has a protective effect against UV-radiations and also proved that metallo-phthalocyanines have a protective effect more better than the metal free one .
Chapter 4:
A citrate selective coated graphite electrode (CGE) based on zinc monoamino-phthalocyanine functionalized graphene (ZnMAPc-G) has been developed and potentiometrically evaluated. The composition of the membrane prepared from ZnMAPc-G, DOS and PVC in THF was optimized. The sensor based on ZnMAPc-G containing 5% ZnMAPc possessed the optimum performance in glycine buffer 0.01 M of pH 3.9 with a near Nernstian slope of -57.3±0.5 mV/decade, a linear range of 8 10-7 to 1 10-2 mol L-1 and a detection limit of 5 10-7 mol L-1. Different electrodes prepared using ZnMAPc as free ionophore or as composite with graphene (ZnMAPc/G) were also evaluated and compared to the electrode containing covalently attached ionophore (ZnMAPc-G). The proposed sensor possessed a long-life of about 6 months without notable drift in its slope and was utilized in determination of citrate concentration in some pharmaceutical formulation.
Chapter 5:
A novel solid state selective sensor for mono-hydrogen phosphate (HPO4)-2 based on copper monoamino phthalocyanine (CuMAPc) ionophore covalently attached to poly (n-butyl acrylate) (PnBA) has been developed and potentiometrically evaluated. The all solid-state sensor was constructed by the application of a thin film of a polymer cocktail containing a
CuMAPc-PBDA ionophore and benzyl-dimethylhexadecyl ammonium chloride (BDMHAC) as a lipophilic cationic additive onto a gold electrode pre-coated with the conducting polymer poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as an ion and electron transducer. The sensor with 14.31% of CuMAPc-PnBA (ionophore II) exhibited a good selectivity for (HPO4)-2 .The thus constructed sensor discriminated many anions, including F–, Cl–, Br–, I–, CH3COO –, NO3-, ClO4- and SO42-. The sensor showed a Nernstian slope of -29.85 mV/ conc. decade with linear range of 4.0 10-9 – 1.0 10-2 mol L-1 and detection limit of 1.0 10-9 mol L-1. The potentiometric response of the phosphate selective electrode was found to be independent of the pH of sample solution at pH 8.0. The proposed phosphate sensor has been utilized as a detector for the flow injection potentiometric determination of phosphate in different water samples at the Nano molar concentration range.