الفهرس 
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Abstract
Because of poultry industry is a large business everywhere and the primary condition for maintaining poultry health is the hygienic suitability of water used in the farms, the current study was planned to evaluate the chemical fitness of water used in some broiler farms in Behera and Kafr El sheikh Provinces then study the effects of some of the detected chemical pollutants on the body weight and the immune response of broiler chicken to some vaccines used during rearing of broiler chicken including New castle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccines. The current study was carried out in 55 broiler poultry farms (capacity is ranged from 2000 to 8500 birds) located in El-Behera and Kafr El sheikh Provinces during the period extended from December 2014 to September 2015. To achieve the aims of the work, the current study was divided in to 2 parts; Part (I): Chemical examination of water used in some broiler farms in Behera and Kafr El sheikh Provinces, Part (II): Study the effect of some of the detected chemical pollutants on the body weight and the immune response of broiler chicken to some poultry vaccines. A total of 100 water samples were collected including; 71 water samples from chicken farms (44 samples from underground water and 27 from tap water) and 29 water samples were collected from streams and canals located at the same areas of chicken farms. Ground water refers to water of driven and artesian wells with depth ranged between 16 and 36 meters in agricultural lands and reaches 116 meters in desert areas. Presence of bricks factories and disposal canals either of agriculture or sewage were observed near and around poultry farms. Chemical examination was performed at The Central Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr El Sheikh University to determine the levels of lead, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cadmium and cobalt. The obtained results in the current study could be summarized as follow: 1.Heavy metals pollution in examined water samples:1.1. Lead: Lead concentrations in all examined water samples ranged from ND to 0.23 mg/l, it was also found that 36.36 % of the examined ground water samples were unfit from the hygienic point of view according to the level recommended by WHO. On contrary, lead could not be detected in the examined water samples collected from surface and tap water. Chi-square value showed that there was a significance variance 24.24% (P<0.0001) in the hygienic fitness of lead between different water sources. 1.2. Copper: The concentrations of Copper in all examined water samples ranged from ND to 0.67 mg/l, while all the examined tap water samples were not containing copper. Chi-square value showed that there was a significance variance 6.17 % (P<0.05) in the hygienic fitness of copper between different water sources.1.3. Iron: It was found that 36.37, 55.17 and 29.63 % of the examined ground, surface and tap water samples respectively were found to be unfit because the maximum recorded level of Iron was 2.15 mg/l while Chi-square value showed that there was a significance variance12.62 % (P<0.01) in the hygienic fitness of Iron between different water sources. 1.4. Zinc: Results of chemical analysis of zinc showed that the level of zinc ranged between ND and 7.75 mg/l, also found that 38.64% of the examined ground water samples were found to be unfit from the hygienic point of view according to the level recommended by WHO, while zinc could not be detected in the examined water samples collected from surface and tap water. Chi-square value showed that There was a significance variance26.06 % (P<0.0001) in the hygienic fitness of Zinc between different water sources. 1.5. Manganese: The results of the chemical examination of water samples for presence of manganese showed that 29.55, 31.03 and 0.0 % of the examined ground, surface and tap water samples respectively were found to be unfit from the hygienic point of view and the maximum recorded level of manganese was 2.99 mg/l, while Chi-square value showed that there was a significance variance10.45 % (P<0.01) in the hygienic fitness of Manganese between different water sources. 2. Effect of water pollutants on immune response of poultry to Newcastle disease vaccine: It was observed that the antibody titers of ND in the group received water containing the high level of lead (2.3 mg/l) were 102.7 ± 100.58 at day 14 and 103.33 ± 100.33 at day 28, while the antibody titer in the group received water containing the low level of lead was 103.66 ± 100.58 at day 28. The statistical analysis of the obtained result clarified that the recorded titers were significantly decreased when compared with the control group. In addition, the group received copper in high level (6.7 mg/l) showed a significant decrease in the antibody titer at day 21 (102 ± 100.58) and day 28 (103.33 ±100.33) when compared with the control group. On contrary, the group received water containing low dose of zinc showed a significant increase in antibody titer (105.67 ±100.33) when compared with the control group.3. Effect of water pollutants on the immune response of poultry to Infectious bursal disease vaccine:The effect of water pollutants on the immune response against IBD virus vaccines was measured and the results showed that there was a significant decrease in the antibody titer in the group received lead by high dose at day 21 and day 28 (361±29.91) and (350±26.46), respectively when compared with the control group. Also, there was a significant decrease in the antibody titer in the group received water containing high dose of copper as compared with the control group Moreover, it was noticed that there was a significant increase in the antibody titer to IBD virus vaccine in the group received water containing low dose of zinc at day 28 when compared with the control group 4. Effect of water pollutants on the body weight of broiler chicken: Statistical analysis of the effects of water pollutants on the body weight of broiler chicken under the experiment revealed that the group received water containing the high level of lead showed a significant decrease in the body weight at the age of 7, 21, and 28 days when compared with the body weight of the control group at the same age and the group received water containing high level of copper showed a significant decrease in the body weight at the age of 14 days when compared with the control group. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the body weight of the groups received the high level of lead and the high levels of all the pollutant collectively when compared with the control group at day 28. On contrary, it was observed that the body weight in all groups showed a significant increase in body weight of chicks at the age of 28 days in the group received water containing the high level of Zinc (1720.0±9.35) when compared with control group.