الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present work aims to study the environmental impacts on the groundwater resources of Pliocene aquifer of Wadi El Natrun area in order to put a new strategy for proper utilization, management and conservation of such resources and also to evaluate ground water of Pliocene aquifer of Wadi El Natrun for different purposes.
The present thesis comprises the following chapters:
1-ChapterI: Introduction
2-ChapterII: Geological and Hydrogeological setting
3- Chapter III: Environmental impacts
4-ChapterIV: Assessment of the Environmental impact.
5-ChapterV: Evaluation of groundwater for different purposes
6-ChapterVI: Summary& Conclusion
Chapter I: Introduction
As a result of population increasing centered around the River Nile (Delta), thereby increasing needs of food, clothing and housing, and to fill those needs many investments in agriculture, industrial has been constructed. West Delta ( Wadi El Natrun, Wadi ElFarigh, Sadat city,….) have been established to contribute for solving these problems, where it’s has normal topographical nature, availability of groundwater , appropriate climate and easily accessible.
So, many problems have appeared in Wadi el Natrun area because of these investments such hydrogeological problems result of the exploitation of groundwater extravagantly and ways that are not well thought out and the hydrochemical problems due to the activity of chemical elements, as well as the various environmental impacts of investment activities of agricultural and industrial, for example (farms – aqua water factory) on the groundwater.
Wadi El Natrun is part of the West Delta is located between longitude 30 ° 4′ - 30 ° 30′ to the east and latitude 30 ° 16′ - 30 ° 30 to the north and covers an area of 281 km 2.
Evaluation of water- resources and ground exploitation of Wadi El Natrun area and around it through the research plan, which includes collecting climatic and geologic data and samples of underground water to stand on the activities of chemical activities and identify areas most sensitive and sustainability of contamination using an environmental model and assess groundwater for various purposes so that every DROP of water can be exploited in a scientific and well thought out manner
Chapter II: Geological and Hydrogeological setting
Examines the geomorphology, geology, where previous studies suggest that the study area varies between elevations, such as Hadid Mountain, and Jabal Abu Malhand depressions such as Wadi El Natrun depression, Wadi Abu Malhaand Wadi El Farigh and area divided by previous studies into three units:
1-Alluvial plains.
2- Structural plains.
3- Net sand.
These units have a clear impact on the presence and movement of groundwater that follow the geomorphological shape of the rocky crust.
Wadi El Natrun covered by Pliocene deposits sediment that is characterized by the high possibility of water storage and both are the main aquifers of the regionand the groundwater system in the western Delta, the study area is distributed in three main units are:
1- Nilotic groundwater water layer (belonging to the Pliestocene).
2- Aquifer in Wadi Natrun (belonging to the Pliocene).
3- Water layer Al Moghra (belong to The Miocene) of the study area.
Chapter III: Environmental impacts
Discusses the environmental effects on water resources in the study area, different pollution sources like natural sources and human activities such as industrial and agricultural activities, such as nitrates and phosphates, iron, zinc, manganese.
Chapter IV Assessment of Environmental impact
The analysis carried out for number of 41 samples (35 ground water samples + 6 surface water samples) PH , EC and calculate field TDS and analysis of cations)Mg2+ ,K1+ ,Ca2+ Na+( and anions (CL- , SO42- , CO32- , HCO3-)and nitrates and phosphate, iron, zinc and magnesium(Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, PO43+ , NO31-)in a lab evaluation Department of Natural Resources ,ESRI , Sadat City.
The geochemical classification of groundwater is based on ion relationships, the most common are the trilinear diagram of Piper (1944). Piper’s triangle diagram for groundwater wells consequently show that, the projection of chemical composition of groundwater on the diamond field revealed that most of water chemical compositions are plotted in different areas (Thirty five wells). from the triangular diagrams of the studied aquifer system, it is clear that the plotted points occupy the upper part of the right side of the diamond shape field Sub-area 7. Sub-area 7: Non-carbonate alkali “Primary salinity” exceeds 50 percent that is; chemical properties of the groundwater are dominated by alkalis and strong acids, the dominant ground-water types are sodium chlorides and sulphate
. The predominant reactions for all profiles appear to be dissolution of Sodium Chloride, Gypsum, Dolomite, and precipitation of of Ca-mon, Aragonite, and Goethite – with different values. So there is increase in salinity in all profile in the same direction of groundwater flow.
Even through primary silicate minerals (clay minerals) predominate in the mineralogy of the Pliocene aquifer in the study area, the mass balance modeling indicates that reactions with these minerals are secondary to those of the more reaction carbonate, sulfate and chlorides and precipitation of Ca-mon, K- mon , and Na-mon. in different profiles. Appelo CAJ and Postma D.(2005).
This reaction agreement with the sequence of cations (Na+>Ca++ > Mg++), (Na+>Mg++ > Ca++) and anions (Cl- > SO4— >HCO3-). from these profiles we notes the groundwater change from less advanced stage of mineralization (HCO3 - > SO4— > Cl-) to more advanced stage of mineralization (Cl- > SO4— >HCO3 -)
Chapter V: Evaluation of groundwater for different purposes.
This section discusses assess ground water and its suitability for various purposes of agriculture, industry and drinking is evident from the chemical analysis and evaluation of the water according to the World Health Organization and discusses the characteristics and qualities of drinking water and the limits of salt allowed in the water (1500 mg / l)
I-Evaluation of pH of collected samples according to the WHO 2005 100% of samples are in acceptable limits.
II-Evaluation of TDS of collected samples according to the WHO 2005 8% of samples are in acceptable limits, 37% of samples are in permissible limits and 54% of samples are in impermissible limits.
III-Evaluation of Cl of collected samples according to the WHO 2005 55% of samples are in acceptable limits, 32.5% of samples are in permissible limits and 12.5% of samples are in impermissible limits.
IV-Evaluation of SO4 of collected samples according to the WHO 2005 60% of samples are in acceptable limits, 12.5% of samples are in permissible limits and 27.5% of samples are in impermissible limits due.
V-Evaluation of Mg of collected samples according to the WHO 2005 90% of samples are in acceptable limits, 10% of samples are in permissible limits.
VI-Evaluation of Ca of collected samples according to the WHO 2005 90% of samples are in acceptable limits, 7.5% of samples are in permissible limits and 2.5% of samples are in impermissible limits due to leaching and dissolution.
VII-Evaluation of Fe of collected samples according to the WHO 2005 42.5 % of samples are in acceptable limits, 57.5% of samples are in permissible limits.
VIII-Evaluation of Mn of collected samples according to the WHO 2005 12.5% of samples are in acceptable limits, 60% of samples are in permissible limits.
IX-Evaluation of Zn of collected samples according to the WHO 2005 100% of samples are in acceptable limits.
X-Evaluation of NO3 of collected samples according to the WHO 2005 100% of samples are in acceptable limits.