الفهرس 
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Abstract
In developed countries including Egypt, removal of heavy metals from water samples such as drinking water and wastewater is normally achieved by advanced technologies in a form of ion exchange, chemical precipitation, ultra-filtration, reverse osmosis or electrochemical deposition. These treatment methods are not practically and economically feasible owing to their relatively high costs. Therefore, strong emphases are now directed to look for, search and investigate alternative low-cost methods that must be effective and economic, and can be implemented for water treatment in developing countries.
The solid phase extraction technique (SPE) affords several advantages over the other treatment techniques. SPE is one of the most important pre-concentration methods because of its simplicity, flexibility to choose the solid phase, high pre-concentration factor, low consumption of the organic solvents, low cost and short extraction time for sample preparation.