الفهرس 
Physiology of the Immune SystemOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) poses a challenge to current and future health care systems. As a result of increased tobacco consumption and demographic development, COPD is expected to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by the year 2020.
Air trapping is a critical clinical feature of COPD. Early diagnosis and intervention is necessary to prevent a further decline of lung function in these patients.
Ultrasound has received increasing interest from chest physicians in recent years. Modern ultrasound devices are used easily, inexpensive, lightweight and portable, which makes them suitable for outpatient settings as well as bedside investigation of the severely ill patient.
For signs of hyperinflation as low flat diaphragm, transverse ribs, hyper translucency, ribbon shaped heart and bullae or tension cysts.
j. Body plethesmography.
k. Chest ultrasound.
from the present study, the following results were obtained:
1. Chest ultrasound showed exaggerated & diffuse A lines in 18/20 patients (90%), normal A lines in 2/20 (10%), preserved lung sliding in 20/20 patients (100%).
2. Body plethysmography showed obstructive pattern (FEV1/FVC less than 70% predicted) in 20/20 patients (100%), increased RV in 20/20 patients (100%), increased RV/TLC in 20/20 patients (100%), increased TLC in 18/20 patients (90%), normal TLC in 2/20 patients (10%).
3. Chest X-Ray showed hyperinflation in 20/20 patients (100%) in form of low flat diaphragm in 8/20 patients (40%), transverse ribs in 16/20 patients (75%), hypertranlucency in 12/20 patients (60%), ribbon shaped heart in15/20 patients (75%), emphysematous bullae in 5/20 patients (25%).