الفهرس 
Introduction
Toxicological terminologyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Five hundred (100 pooled samples) were collected randomly from different places of Assuit governorate, Egypt including farmers’ houses egg and poultry farms ’egg samples (50 pooled samples for each). In addition to that 144 (one hundred forty four) pooled farmers’ houses egg samples were analyzed for frying, boiling and dipping on vinegar.
The metal analysis of samples were carried out in the Central Laboratory of the Faculty of the Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, Egypt. All egg samples were analyzed for detection and measurement of lead, cadmium and copper by using ZEE nit 700P Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with Graphite Furnace Unit (AASG) (Perkin –Elmer Atomic Absorption Spectrophometry model 2380, USA).
The obtained results can be summarized as follow:-
1. Incidence and levels of lead, cadmium and copper in examined egg samples (mg/ kg):
Farmers’ houses eggs:
The incidence of lead, cadmium and copper in farmers’ houses eggs samples were 96, 12 and 98%, with mean values of 0.64, 0.004 and 0.49mg /kg; respectively.
Poultry farms’ eggs:
The incidence of lead, cadmium and copper in poultry farms’ egg samples were 98, 32 and 100%, with mean values of 0.59, 0.02 and 0.57mg/ kg; respectively.
2- Percentages of samples above the MPLs in egg samples:
Farmers’ houses eggs:
The samples above MPLs for lead were 47 (94%) out of 50 examined samples, while all of examined samples contained cadmium and copper below the MPLs (0%) stated by EOSQC (1993), on the other hand, samples above MPLs for lead ,cadmium and copper were 96, 0, 0% respectively recorded by WHO (1984).
Poultry farms’ eggs :
The samples above MPLs for lead, cadmium and copper were 94,0, 0% stated by EOSQC (1993). However samples above MPLs of lead, cadmium and copper were 96,2,0% respectively recommended by WHO (1984).
3- Comparison of acceptable daily intake (ADI) value of heavy metals with the calculated daily intake from eggs:
The average concentration of lead, cadmium and copper in examined table egg sample were 0.615, 0.012 and 0.530ppm respectively which give daily intake about 0.0615, 0.0012 and0.0530mg/day/person which represent about 12.3 &1708,1.71 &120 and 0.15% of ADI recorded by (Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2011 &2013).
4- Comparison of acceptable daily intake (ADI) value of heavy metals with the calculated daily intake from examined farmers’ houses eggs:
The average concentration respectively of lead, cadmium, and copper in examined farmers’ houses egg samples were 0.64, 0.004 and0.49 ppm which give daily intake about0.064, 0.0004 and 0.049 mg/day/person which represent about 12.8& 1777%, 0.57 & 40 %and0.14%of ADI recorded by Codex Alimentarius Commission ( 2011 &2013).
5- Comparison of acceptable daily intake (ADI) value of heavy metals with the calculated daily intake from examined poultry farms’ eggs:
The average concentration of lead, cadmium, and copper in examined Poultry farm’s eggs sample were 0.59, 0.02 and0.57 ppm ,which give daily intake about0.059, 0.002 and 0. 057 mg/day/person which represent about 11.8 &1638, 2.85 & 200 %and 0.16% respectively of ADI recommended by Codex Alimentarius Commission ( 2011 &2013).
6- Comparison of standard lead, cadmium and copper intakes with the estimated intakes (EDIS) in egg samples (mg/kg/b.w.):
The standard provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWI) for lead, cadmium and copper were 3.5&0.025, 0.49 & 0.007 and 245 mg/kg/b.w.; respectively and the acceptable daily intakes (ADI) for lead, cadmium and copper were 0.5&0.0036 , 0.07& 0,001 and 35 mg/kg/b.w ; respectively as stated by Codex Alimentarius Commission (2011 &2013).
7- Comparison of standard lead, cadmium and copper intakes with the estimated intakes (EDIS) in farmers’ houses eggs samples (mg/kg/b.w.):
The EDIs and EWIs of lead according to min, max and average values were 0.06 &0.42, 1.9&13.3 and 0.91&6.37 mg/kg/b.w.; respectively.
The EDIS and EWIS of cadmium the min, max and average were 0.0028 & 0.0196, 0.0085 & 0.0595 and 0.0057 & 0.0399 mg/kg/b.w.; respectively.
The min, max and average values of EDIS and EWIS of copper were 0.085 & 0.595, 1.6 & 11.3 and 0.70 & 4.9 mg/kg/b.w; respectively.
8- Comparison of standard lead, cadmium and copper intakes with the estimated intakes (EDIS) in poultry farms’ egg samples (mg/kg/b.w.):
The EDIs and EWIs of lead according to min., max. and average were 0.0068 & 0.047, 1.46 & 11.48 and 0.84 & 5.88 mg/kg/b.w.; respectively.
The EDIS and EWIS of cadmium the min., max. and average were 0.002 & 0.014, 0.1 & 0.7 and 0.028 & 0.196mg/kg/b.w.; respectively.
The min, max and average values of EDIS and EWIS of copper were 0.057 & 0.399, 2.71 & 18.97 and 0.8 & 5.6 mg/kg/b.w.; respectively.
9- Comparison of standard lead , cadmium and copper intakes with the estimated intakes (EDIS) in farmers’ houses eggs samples (mg/kg/b.w.):
Lead:
The EDI and EWI of lead were 0.91 and 6.37 mg/kg b.w., respectively, which were above ADI and PTWI as stated by CAC (2013). 48 (96%) each of egg samples above ADI and PTWI were above ADI and PTWI as recorded by CAC (2013).
Cadmium :
The EDI of cadmium was 0.0057 mg/kg b.w. and 6 (12%) of farmer’s houses egg samples were above ADI that stated by CAC (2013) and the EWI was 0.0399 mg/kg b.w. and 6 (12%) of egg samples were above PTWI that stated by CAC (2013).
Copper:
The EDI and EWI of copper were 0.70 and 4.9 mg/kg b.w., respectively and none of egg samples were above ADI that stated by CAC (2013). The average of EDI and EWI of copper were lower than ADI and PTWI as stated by CAC (2013).
10- Comparison of standard lead, cadmium and copper intakes with the estimated intakes (EDIS) in poultry farms’ eggs samples (mg/kg/b.w.):
Lead:
The EDI and EWI of lead were 0.84 and 5.88 mg/kg b.w., respectively, which were above ADI and PTWI as stated by CAC (2013). 49 (98%) of each egg samples above ADI and PTWI were above ADI and PTWI as recorded by CAC (2013).
Cadmium :
The EDI of cadmium was 0.028 mg/kg b.w. and 16 (32%) of poultry farm’s egg samples were above ADI that stated by CAC (2013) and the EWI was 0.196 mg/kg b.w. and 16 (32%) of egg samples were above PTWI that stated by CAC (2013).
Copper:
The EDI and EWI of copper were 0.8 and 5.6 mg/kg b.w., respectively and none of egg samples were above ADI that stated by CAC (2013). The average of EDI and EWI of copper were lower than ADI and PTWI as stated by CAC (2013).
11-Effect of dipping eggs in vinegar (acetic acid) on lead concentration:
The mean value of lead in farmer’s houses eggs before and after dipping were 0.52 ± 0.23ppm and 0.04 ± 0.01ppm, respectively.
12- Effect of boiling of eggs on lead concentration (mean value) ppm:
The mean values of lead in farmer’s houses eggs before and after boiling were 0.44 ± 0.1 and 0.73 ± 0.15 ppm, respectively.
13- Effect of frying of eggs on lead concentration (mean value) ppm:
The mean values of lead in examined egg before and after frying in tefal container were 0.66 ± 0.23 and 0.50 ± 0.17ppm, respectively. While in case of using Pyrex container the lead values were 0.44 ± 0.06 and 0.48 ± 0.19 ppm before and after frying, respectively. The mean of lead concentrations by using aluminum container before and after frying were 0.59 ± 0.20 and 0.19 ± 0.04 ppm, respectively.