الفهرس 
I: INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Lignosulphonate graft copolymer compounds are extensively used as drilling mud thinners the key success in drilling may depend on maintaining proper flow and fluids viscosity under certain conditions. This work is undertaken with a view to synthesize modified lignosulphonate Products based on grafted lignosulphonate with water soluble Monomers such as acrylic acid, acrylamide and AMPS to improve the performance of lignosulfonate as a thinning agent and as an alternative for a widely used toxic chromolignosulfonate in drilling industry and also be more environmentally compatible or friendlier than other similar heavy metal containing fluids.
-The optimum conditions for Graft copolymerization Such as concentrations of monomer, concentration of initiator, reaction temperature, stirring rate, type of vinyl monomers and effect of reaction time on the viscosity of polymers and drilling fluid the mud Viscosity of final products was increased following the increase of monomers concentration at the same dosage.
-The optimum thinning effect is obtained at acrylic acid ratio 10%, using initiator concentration 3,5% at temrature 70°C and at stirring rate 750 rpm for 4h of reaction time.
-Graft copolymerization of crude lignosulfonates with acrylic monomers initiated by hydrogen peroxide, hydro peroxide alone was able to initiate the graft copolymerization of crude lignosulfonates with acrylic monomers. Because of the presence of some reducing constituents in the crude lignosulfonates could play the role of ferrous ions as catalyst.
-Viscosity of final products was increased following the increase of dosage of monomers. At the same dosage, products modified with AM and AMPS had higher viscosity than those with AA, because amide groups in AM and AMPS polymers are less hydrophilic than carboxylic group in AA polymers.
-SLS-AA Graft copolymer has more thinning effect in water Base mud than the comparative Cr-lignosulphonate thinner and also show better tolerance at high temperature.
-SLS-AA Graft copolymer exhibited an increase in reduced viscosity with increasing temperature.
- Viscosity of final products was increased following the increase of dosage of Methylene-Bis-Acrylamide (MBAm) tell become in gel form (hydrogel) due to the formation of H-bond increasing the physical cross-linking points. These products increase the viscosity of mud and worked as thickening agent.
-The occurrence of polymerization was confirmed by IR determination.