الفهرس 
Introduction
Signal Transduction PathwaysOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
HNSCC are a broad category of diverse tumor types arising from various anatomic structures including the craniofacial bones, soft tissues, salivary glands, skin, and mucosal membranes. (HNSCC) has an incidence of more than 600,000 new cases worldwide per year.The most well known risk factor for developing head and neck cancer is the deleterious effects of tobacco. HNSCC was one of the first carcinomas to be linked with p53 mutations caused by tobacco usage. Alcohol use is synergistic with tobacco in causing HNSCC. The carcinogenic properties of marijuana smoke are similar to those of tobacco.The oncogenic HPV infection, mainly HPV-16, is an established cause of oropharyngeal cancer (predominantly tonsils and base of tongue). High-risk HPV strains (16 and 18) associated with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (as well as cervical cancer) manipulate cellular pathways within affected cells to activate cell growth and suppress apoptosis.Both CT scanner and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are giving highly relevant information about location, size, shape, and contours of the primary tumor.