الفهرس 
AnatomyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary
Maxillofacial traumas are caused by motor vehicle collisions,
assault, firearm related injuries or falls. The principles of
management of maxillofacial traumas are directed at stabilizing
patient’s medical condition and providing safe reconstruction to
maximize both functional and aesthetic rehabilitation. The basic
tenets of initial trauma stabilization, also known as the ABCs of
trauma are: Airway management and assessment, Breathing and
Circulation.
For management of soft tissue traumas, managing blood loss,
prophylactic treatment measures with antibiotics then wound
irrigation and closure is performed. For management of skeletal
traumas, the face must be examined in an orderly fashion, with
careful attention paid to gross asymmetry, paralysis, weakness, eye
movements, occlusal discrepancies and ecchymosis. Special attention
should be directed toward bimanual palpation of bony prominences
within the craniofacial region to look for crepitus, tenderness and
irregularities.
In upper facial traumas, frontal bone and frontal sinus fractures
are classified into:
o Type I: anterior table fractures.
o Type II: anterior and posterior table fractures.
o Type III: posterior table fractures.
o Type IV: through-and-through frontal sinus fractures.
SUMMARY
118
The principle goals of managing frontal sinus injuries are to
protect the intracranial structures, prevent post traumatic
inflammatory complications and restore frontal bone contour and
symmetry.
Mid facial traumas are divided according to bone involved
into: Maxillary fractures, Palatal fractures, Nasal fractures, Orbital
wall fractures and Naso-orbito-ethmoidal fractures.
Le Fort divided midface fractures into three distinct fracture
patterns:
Le Fort I: The palate is separated from the maxilla
Le Fort II: The maxilla is separated from the face
Le Fort III: Complete craniofacial disjunction.
6 patterns of palatal fractures have been described based on the
relationship with the maxillary alveolus, teeth and palatal midline.
Type I– Alveolar fracture (2 types)
o Type Ia– Anterior alveolus- contains only the incisor teeth
and alveolus in that region.
o Type Ib– Posterolateral– contains premolars, molars, and
alveolus.
Type II– Sagittal fracture.
Type III– Parasagittal fracture.
Type IV– Paraalveolar fractures.
Type V– Complex / comminuted fracture.
Type VI– Transverse.
SUMMARY
Summary
Maxillofacial traumas are caused by motor vehicle collisions,
assault, firearm related injuries or falls. The principles of
management of maxillofacial traumas are directed at stabilizing
patient’s medical condition and providing safe reconstruction to
maximize both functional and aesthetic rehabilitation. The basic
tenets of initial trauma stabilization, also known as the ABCs of
trauma are: Airway management and assessment, Breathing and
Circulation.
For management of soft tissue traumas, managing blood loss,
prophylactic treatment measures with antibiotics then wound
irrigation and closure is performed. For management of skeletal
traumas, the face must be examined in an orderly fashion, with
careful attention paid to gross asymmetry, paralysis, weakness, eye
movements, occlusal discrepancies and ecchymosis. Special attention
should be directed toward bimanual palpation of bony prominences
within the craniofacial region to look for crepitus, tenderness and
irregularities.
In upper facial traumas, frontal bone and frontal sinus fractures
are classified into:
o Type I: anterior table fractures.
o Type II: anterior and posterior table fractures.
o Type III: posterior table fractures.
o Type IV: through-and-through frontal sinus fractures.
SUMMARY
118
The principle goals of managing frontal sinus injuries are to
protect the intracranial structures, prevent post traumatic
inflammatory complications and restore frontal bone contour and
symmetry.
Mid facial traumas are divided according to bone involved
into: Maxillary fractures, Palatal fractures, Nasal fractures, Orbital
wall fractures and Naso-orbito-ethmoidal fractures.
Le Fort divided midface fractures into three distinct fracture
patterns:
Le Fort I: The palate is separated from the maxilla
Le Fort II: The maxilla is separated from the face
Le Fort III: Complete craniofacial disjunction.
6 patterns of palatal fractures have been described based on the
relationship with the maxillary alveolus, teeth and palatal midline.
Type I– Alveolar fracture (2 types)
o Type Ia– Anterior alveolus- contains only the incisor teeth
and alveolus in that region.
o Type Ib– Posterolateral– contains premolars, molars, and
alveolus.
Type II– Sagittal fracture.
Type III– Parasagittal fracture.
Type IV– Paraalveolar fractures.
Type V– Complex / comminuted fracture.
Type VI– Transverse.
SUMMARY