الفهرس 
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Abstract
English Summary
Contamination of groundwater with heavy metal and Surface water pollution was so dangerous matter that all must face and find solutions for that.
This study aims to use develop more safe methods for water treatment using biological treatment as special nanocomposite this aim,. The bioreaction of the microorganisms accumulated on the nanocomposite in the presence of continuous aeration leads to oxidation of the pollutant treatment using nanocomposite decreased the concentrations of heavy metals.
Physico-Chemical assessment of water samples included temperature and electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), the pH values, total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD),total hardness , chlorides and heavy metals.
Microbiological assessment of water samples included enumeration of total viable bacterial count (TVBC) at 22oC and 35.5oC, enumerating total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), isolation, detection, purification and identification of bacteria before and after treatment to River Nile and Sheblanga Well.
Physicochemical assessment of water samples:
Temperature (oC) the rang of air temperature of River Nile during sample collection in 2013-2014 were (20- 27-28-25)oC the highest value was detected in Summer and the lowest value was recorded in Winter, and in Sheblanga well were (20-26-27.5-24) )oC the highest value was observed in Summer and the lowest value was detected in Winter.
Turbidity ( NTU) Nephelometric turbidity unit the turbidity concentration values of river Nile during the period of samples collection were (3.4- 9.6 -5.9-5.2) NTU The highest value was recorded 9.6NTU in Spring and the lowest value was detected 3.4 in Winter, and in Sheblanga Well were (4 - 2.3 -6.1-1.39)NTU the highest value was observed 6.1NTU in Summer and the lowest value was detected 2.3NTU in Spring.
pH the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) values of River Nile were (8 - 8.6 -7.8-8) the highest value was detected 8.6 in Spring and the lowest value was recorded 7.8 in Summer, and in Sheblanga Well were ( 7.7-7.7 - 8-7.5 ) during the Period of samples collection the highest value was detected 8 in Summer and the lowest value was observed 7.5 in Autumn.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) the dissolved oxygen in River Nile was 5.624 mgO2 /L. And in Sheblanga Well was 6 mgO2 /L Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in River Nile was 2.351 mgO2 /L. And in Sheblanga Well was 8mgO2 /L . Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)5 in River Nile was 16 mgO2 /L. And in Sheblanga Well was 37.6 mgO2 /L .
Total hardness (mg / L)the Total hardness values of River Nile were (185-148-144-160) (mg/L) the highest value was recorded 185(mg/L) in Winter and the lowest value was detected 144 (mg/L)in Summer, and in Sheblanga Well were ( 490-320-300-390)(mg/L) during the Period of samples collection the highest value was observed 490 (mg/L) in Winter and the lowest value was observed 300(mg/L) in Summer.
.Calcium hardness (mg / L) of River Nile were (95 -80-73-85)(mg/L) the highest value was detected 95(mg/L) in Winter and the lowest value was recorded 73 (mg/L)in Summer, and in Sheblanga Well were ( 322-320-300-240)mg/L during the Period of samples collection the highest value was observed 322 (mg/L) in Winter and the lowest value was recorded 240(mg/L) in Autumn .
Magnesium hardness of values of River Nile were (90-68-71-75)(mg/L) the highest value was recorded 90(mg/L) in Winter and the lowest value was detected 68 (mg/L)in Spring, and in Sheblanga Well were ( 168-44-140-150) during the Period of samples collection the highest value was observed 168 (mg/L) in Winter and the lowest value was recorded 44(mg/L) in Spring.
Total alkalinity CaCO3 values of River Nile were (210-200-180-198) the highest value was recorded 210(mg/L) in Winter and the lowest value was observed 180 (mg/L) in Summer, and in Sheblanga Well were (474-300-380-430)(mg/L) during the Period of samples collection the highest value was recorded 474 (mg/L) in Winter and the lowest value was detected 300(mg/L) in Spring.
Conductivity value(µs/cm) s of River Nile were (415-409-448-492)(µs/cm) the highest value was detected 492(µs/cm) in Autumn and the lowest value was observed 409(µs/cm) in Spring, and in Sheblanga Well were ( 917-1507-1484-1555)(µs/cm) during the Period of samples collection the highest value was observed 1555(µs/cm) in Autumn and the lowest value was detected 917(µs/cm) in Winter.
TDS total dissolved solids of River Nile were (273.9-269-295.68-324.7)(mg/L)the highest value was recorded 324.7(mg/L) in Autumn and the lowest value was detected 269 (mg/L)in Spring, and in Sheblanga Well were ( 605-994.6-913.4-1026) (mg/L) during the Period of samples collection the highest value was observed 1026 (mg/L) in Autumn and the lowest value was detected 605(mg/L) in Winter.
Chlorides value of River Nile were ( 21.5-30-26-27)( mg/L) the highest value was detected 30(mg/L) in Spring and the lowest value was recorded 21.5(mg/L)in Winter, and in Sheblanga Well were ( 178.5-260-160-145) (mg/L) during the Period of samples collection the highest value was recorded 260 (mg/L) in Spring and the lowest value was observed 145 (mg/L) in Autumn.
Iron content of River Nile were (0.34-.4-2.94-0.12)( mg/L) the highest value was recorded 2.94(mg/L) in Summer and the lowest value was observed 0.12(mg/L)in Autumn, and in Sheblanga Well were ( 0.38-0.57-0.75-0.83)( mg/L) during the Period of samples collection the highest value was recorded 0.83 (mg/L) in Autumn and the lowest value was detected 0.38(mg/L) in Winter .
Manganese content of River Nile were (0.25-0-0-0.2) the highest value was recorded 0.25 (mg/L) in Winter and the lowest value was observed 0(mg/L) in Spring and summer respectively , and in Sheblanga Well were( 1.56-0.35-0.69-0.84)(mg/L) during the Period of samples collection the highest value was detected1.56 (mg/L) in Winter and the lowest value was observed 0.35 (mg/L) in Spring
Bacteria isolation and identification:
Total viable bacterial count at 22oC to River Nile was 1.3 x103 CFU/mL, and In Sheblanga Well was found to be 0.073x103 CFU/mL.
Total vilable bacterial count at 35.5oC to River Nile is2.75x103 CFU/mL and In Sheblanga Well was found to be 0.285x103 CFU/mL. Total coliforms bacteria /100ml at 35.5oC to River Nile was 35x103MPN/100ml and In Sheblanga Well was found to be 5.1MPN/100mL. fecal coliforms bacteria /100ml at 44.5oC to River Nile was 23MPN/100ml. In Sheblanga Well was found to be 2.2MPN/100mL
Identification of bacteria by VITEK 2 compact systems found different types of bacteria in River Nile and Sheblanga Well water.
In River Nile water Aeromonas sobria , Pseudomonas putida , leclercia adecarboxylata , Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
In Sheblanga Wall water Aeromona ssobria, staphylococcus hominis ssphominis, and Staphylococcus aureus.
Using the nanocomposite as biological treated to River Nile and Sheblanga Well water found that total number of pathogenic bacteria decrease ether in room temperature or in 37o c and the concentration of heavy metal decrease after exposed water one hour from treatment by using nanocomposite.
This study recommends the use of biological treatment as an optimal solution for the currently methods of treatment used to maintain public health and reduce the use of chemical substances currently used because of their harmful effects on public health.
Advantage of Biological treatment:
1. Cheap costs to no increase the cost of production per cubic meter of pure and healthy water for one pound.
2. Not used in the operation of the unit any chemical substances.
3. Organic and inorganic materials soluble in water turn into gases. released during aeration or few of turbidity can be disposal by flour filtration.
4. Biological activity stopped after the end of the nutrients (contaminants) which makes water that treated able to be stored without any change in their physical properties.
5. Ease of operation and maintenance of the unit (Sample Technology).
6. Water that treated preserved of some soluble and useful salts and water, making it more healthy.
7. Water that treated preserved of the natural level of beneficial bacteria to human that help in digestion process other than the method that exterminate all organisms.