الفهرس 
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare HA nanoparticles for using as remineralizing/bioactive fillers in two-steps etch and rinse adhesive system. The HA nanoparticles were synthesized using wet precipitaion method. The prepared HA nanoparticles were then characterized to confirm their chemical composition by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) analysis. The nano-particles were treated with silane coupling agent and then added to dental adhesive in different ratios producing four adhesive groups (control, 0.2, 0.5, 1 wt%). The prepared adhesive groups were evaluated regarding viscosity, microtensile bond strength, degree of conversion, microleakage and antibacterial activity.
Based on the results and within the limitations of this study, the following conclusions can be made.
1. Adding 0.2 and 0.5 wt% HA nano-fillers to one component total-etch adhesive system reduced its viscosity, while adding 1 wt% HA increased it.
2. Modification of one component total-etch adhesive system with 0.2 wt% HA nano-fillers improved both microtensile bond strength and degree of conversion of the restoration, while 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% HA-modified adhesive showed decreased them.
3. Adding HA nano-fillers to one component total-etch adhesive system didn’t improve both microleakage prevention and antibacterial activity of the restoration.
4. It is better to use HA nanofillers in the ratio 0.2 wt% for reinforcement of one component total-etch adhesive system.