الفهرس 
Risk factors of breast cancerOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary
Breast cancer is the most common cancer for women in the world and is on rise, it is the leading cause of death for women.Mark H. et al, 1996
Breast cancer is a type of cancer originating from breast tissue, most commonly from the inner lining of milk ducts or the lobules that supply the ducts with milk.Sariego J, 2010.
Cancer develops through different stages. These stages may or may not eventually lead to invasive and metastatic cancer. In most cases it takes many years for cancer to develop. Early detection of any tumor is important because it increases the chances of removing the cancer before it becomes life-threatening. Smith et al, 2000
The characteristics of the cancer determine the treatment, which may include surgery,medications(hormonal therapyandchemotherapy),radiation and/or immunotherapy.Florescu A. et al, 2011.
Surgery provides the single largest benefit, and to increase the likelihood of cure, several chemotherapy regimens are commonly given in addition. Radiation is used after breast-conserving surgery and substantially improves local relapse rates and in many circumstances also overall survival.Buchholz T., 2009.
Prognosis and survival rates for breast cancer vary greatly depending on the cancer type, stage, treatment, and geographical location of the patient. Survival rates in the Western worldare high. world cancer report 2008; more than 8 out of 10 women (84%) in England diagnosed with breast cancer survive for at least 5 years. In developing countries, however, survival rates are much poorer. cancer survival in england, 2009.
Most types of breast cancer are easy to diagnose. The two most commonly used screening methods, physical examination of the breasts and mammography. Physical examination of the breasts, mammography, and FNAC can be used to diagnose breast cancer with a good degree of accuracy. Other options for biopsy include a core biopsy or vacuum-assisted breast biopsy, which are procedures in which a section of the breast lump is removed; or an excisional biopsy.Yu YH et al, 2010.
Breast cancers are classified by several grading systems. Each of these influences the prognosis and can affect treatment response. Description of a breast cancer optimally includes all of these factors like Histopathology, Grade, Stage, Receptor status, DNA assays.Merck Manual,2010.
Breast cancer screening refers to testing otherwise-healthy women for breast cancer in an attempt to achieve an earlier diagnosis under the assumption that early detection will improve outcomes.Breast cancer and mammograms, webMD, 2012.
The management of breast cancer depends on various factors, including the stage of the cancer. Increasingly aggressive treatments are employed in accordance with the poorer the patient’s prognosis and the higher the risk of recurrence of the cancer following treatment. Saini K. et al, 2011.
Breast cancer is usually treated with surgery, which may be followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or both. A multidisciplinary approach is preferable. Hormone receptor-positive cancers are often treated with hormone-blocking therapy over courses of several years. Monoclonal antibodies, or other immune-modulating treatments, may be administered in certain cases of metastatic and other advanced stages of breast cancer.Saini K et al, 2011.
Being a member of the MDT breast clinic at El-Demerdash hospital for more than three years, we noticed that there was a definitive correlation between the clinical presentation of women having breast carcinoma and the radiological findings that made us capable of prediction of the pathological and biological nature of these tumorsin a good percentage of our cases.