الفهرس 
1- INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The isolation of radioactive waste from the environment becomes a real problem need to solve in the last half century. Waste management system is created for safe isolation of the waste. Radioactive waste management including all activities, administrative and operational, that are involved in the handling, conditioning, transport, storage and disposal of radioactive wastes. In petroleum and gas industries there are many wastes containing natural occurring radioactive waste (NORM). The concentration of NORM is increased during the different processes. Accumulation of NORM in these areas makes hazard effects on the workers and on the environment. In Egypt, there are many oil and gas industries in different areas of the republic. Most of these exploration sites containing large amounts of NORM waste. The management of this waste is remained unclear for many companies. Some companies have storage designs for the waste. Others are stored the waste on the working site on land without barriers. Additionally final destination of these wastes is not decided. The improper management of this waste lead to hazard effects to workers in the present time and to public in the future. The present work studies the NORM waste management, from petroleum industry, in Egypt. Strategy of NORM is proposed. NORM waste management steps (system) is also proposed. Incineration and de-oiling processes for the treatment of NORM waste are compared. Also in this study, human intrusion scenarios were studied for two NORM storage designs; A) above-ground and B) under-ground bunkers. Concerning the strategy of NORM management in Egypt, NRRA is proposed to be responsible for developing the strategy in the present time. In the future EPRI is proposed to be the planner for improving of the strategy with the service petroleum company, which acts as the executive of the strategy. Additionally, waste management system is proposed to handle in a safe manner this type of waste. Also the comparison between incineration and de-oiling processes shows that the de-oiling process is more preferred than incineration process. The de-oiling process is safer than the incineration process; it doesn’t consume energy and doesn’t release hazard gases. For human intrusion scenarios, the results obtained after calculations illustrate that the total dose received by the intruder due to inhalation of radon gas, external exposure from radionuclides emitted ˠ rays and ingestion of radionuclides is equal 4.48E-08 Sv in case of the above-ground storage. The total dose received by the intruder due to inhalation, external exposure from radionuclides emitted ˠ rays and ingestion of radionuclides is equal 1.29E-03 Sv in case of the under-ground bunkers. The doses calculated show that the above-ground storage is safer than the under-ground bunkers in case of human intrusion scenarios. Also, a comparison was made among the activities of the soil sample that considered in the study with other samples analyzed in different years. In the year (2013) the sample considered in the study and the samples from the same area of exploration in the years (2004) and (2001) are compared. The activities of 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K show a decrease with time. This reveals that the generation of NORM depends on the production rate of oil for the same well.