الفهرس 
Contents of extracted Ginkgo biloba.Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present work is conducted to test alleviation of toxic hazardous
influence of acetaminophen by Ginkgo biloba extract.
Therefore this work was designed to study the effects of
acetaminophen, Ginkgo biloba and combination of both together on
serum biochemical parameters (liver function, kidney function, total
lipids and glucose), some antioxidants (glutathione, glutathione
peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase) as well as MDA as a
marker for lipid peroxidation.
The study was performed on male albino rats, weighing 100-120g.
The experiments were divided into two parts; each part is divided into
four groups:
Part I: Acute Study
1- Animals of the first group received (i.p.) saline solution and served
as control group.
2- Animals of the second group received (i.p.) single doses of (50
mg/kg) extracted Ginkgo biloba and served as EGB group.
3- Animals of the third group received (i.p.) single doses of (900
mg/kg) acetaminophen and served as AAP group.
4- Animals of the fourth group received (i.p.) single doses of (900
mg/kg AAP +50 mg/kg EGB) and served as AAP + EGB group.
Animals of the different experimental group were decapitated 4
hours after treatments.
Part II: Subchronic Study
Subchronically-treated groups were divided into 8 groups.
Animals of group1 received (i. p.) saline solution daily for 1 week and served as controls. Animals of group 2 were treated with Ginkgo biloba
extract (GBE) (50 mg /kg b. wt) for 1 week. Animals of group 3 were
treated for 1 week with AAP (250 mg/kg b. wt.). Animals of group 4
were treated for 1 week with GBE (50 mg /kg b. wt) and AAP (250
mg/kg b. wt.). As for groups 5, 6, 7 and 8, they were treated
experimentally as groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 but for 2 weeks.
Body weight:
There was a non-significant decrease in body weight in
acetaminophen and Ginkgo biloba group compared to the control group
but liver and kidney weights in acetaminophen group showed a
significant decrease in comparison with control group after two weeks of
administration.
A) Biochemical studies:
1- Liver Function:
I- Alanine aminotransferase (ALT):
The treatment with acetaminophen only caused significant increase
(p<0.05) in ALT level in comparison with control group. The
combination of acetaminophen with Ginkgo biloba resulted in nonsignificant
increase in ALT concentration which implies that G. biloba
reduce the toxic influence of acetaminophen on the liver.
II- Aspartate aminotransferase (AST):
It has been found that serum AST activity in acetaminophen group
significantly increased in comparison with the control group.
In addition, the results did not show any significant changes
between Ginkgo biloba group and the control group during the
experimental periods.
III-Alkaline phosphatase:
Serum alkaline phosphatase value was increased in
acetaminophen group in comparison with the control group. In addition, it
was found that serum alkaline phosphatase in Ginkgo biloba group and
Ginkgo biloba and acetaminophen group slightly changed when
compared to the control group.
IV- Albumin:
In the present study, serum albumin was significantly decreased in
acetaminophen group compared to the control group. However, coadministration
of acetaminophen and Ginkgo biloba resumed the control
level of albumin.
V- Bilirubin:
Serum bilirubin was increased in acetaminophen group but it showed
a non-significant change in Ginkgo biloba group in comparison with the
control group. The results revealed that acetaminophen – Ginkgo biloba
combination did not cause a significant change in serum bilirubin level
after four hours, one and two weeks of administration from the control
group.
2-KidneyFunction:
I- Creatinine:
There was a significant increase in serum creatinine after
administration of acetaminophen only in comparison with the control
group. Animals treated with both Ginkgo biloba and acetaminophen
showed non-significant change in serum creatinine in comparison with
the control group.
II- Urea:
Serum urea (mg/dl) in acetaminophen group was significantly
increased and the data were statistically significant compared to the
control group. Serum urea in Ginkgo biloba group and control group did
not show any significant change when compared statistically. It has been
found that serum urea in Ginkgo biloba and acetaminophen group was
slightly different from the control group but the data did not show
significant difference.
III- Uric acid:
Serum uric acid was significantly increased in acetaminophen
group compared to the control group, while the lowest decrease in serum
uric acid was observed in Ginkgo biloba group after four hours, ane and
two weeks of administration.
Different metabolites:
I- Glucose.
II- Total lipids. III- Total cholesterolIV- HDL. V- LDL. VI- VLDL. VII- triglycerides.
I- Glucose:
Serum glucose increased in acetaminophen group compared to the
control group. Serum glucose in Ginkgo biloba group and Ginkgo biloba
and acetaminophen group did not show any significant change when
compared to the control group.
II- Total lipids:
In Ginkgo biloba and acetaminophen group there was an
improvement in the level of serum total lipids compared to its value in
acetaminophen group. Total lipids in acetaminophen group were
significantly increased when compared to the control group.
III - Total cholesterol:
Serum total cholesterol was increased in acetaminophen group
compared to control group but in Ginkgo biloba group total cholesterol
was slightly different from its value in the control group. Serum total
cholesterol levels in Ginkgo biloba and acetaminophen group was higher
than its value in control group but it did not show a significant difference.
IV- High – density Lipoprotein (HDL):
There was a significant decrease in serum HDL after
administration of acetaminophen only in comparison with the control
group. Serum HDL showed non- significant change in Ginkgo biloba and
acetaminophen in comparison with the control group.
V- Low – density Lipoprotein (LDL):
Serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was increased in
acetaminophen group, however its values in Ginkgo biloba and
acetaminophen group slightly increased as compared to the control group
but this increase was significantly different from the control group around
the experimental period.
VI- Very low – density lipoprotein (VLDL):
Serum very low-density lipoprotein was increased in
acetaminophen group when compared to control group but serum VLDL
in other groups was slightly changed compared to the control group after
four hours, one and two weeks of drug administration.
VII- Triglycerides:
Serum triglycerides in Ginkgo biloba and acetaminophen group were
increased compared to the control group but they did not show a
significant difference. Serum triglycerides after two weeks of
administration was increased in all treatment groups compared to their
values after one week.
3- Antioxidants:
I -Glutathione:
Only acetaminophen treatment caused a significant (P<0.05) decrease
in liver reduced glutathione after four hours, one week and two weeks of
administration in comparison with the control group.
II - Glutathione peroxidase:
Liver glutathione peroxidase decreased in acetaminophen
group compared to the control group but liver glutathione
peroxidase in Ginkgo biloba group did not show any significant
changes from the control group.
III- Glutathione S- transferase (GST):
A non-significant increase in glutathione S- transferase activity were
detected by the GBE treatment, but the significantly decrease in GST
activity was observed in rat liver after treatment with acetaminophen.
IV- Catalase: Liver catalase in Ginkgo biloba group and Ginkgo biloba
and acetaminophen group did not show a significant change when
compared to the control group after one and two weeks of administration.
V- Superoxide dismutase:
Liver superoxide dismutase activity significantly decreased in
acetaminophen group when compared to the control group.
Liver superoxide dismutase in Ginkgo biloba and Ginkgo biloba
and acetaminophen group did not show a significant change in
comparison with control group after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment.
4- Malondialdehyde as a marker for lipid peroxidation:
Liver malondialdehyde were significantly increased in acetaminophen
group compared to the control group around the experimental period.
B- Histopathological studies:
Liver sections from rats administrated acetaminophen showed
many pathological alterations, slight congestion of hepatic sinusoids,
cytoplasmic vacoulizations of hepatocytes and sinusoidal leukocytosis,
Kupffer cells activation, vacuolations and congestion of capillary tufts as
well as vacuolations of epithelial lining of renal tubules. It has been found
that an improvement occurred in liver after administration of both Ginkgo
biloba and acetaminophen where rats exhibited little pathological
alterations, slight congestion of hepatic sinusoids, and congestion of
central veins.
Kidney sections from rats administrated acetaminophen showed
many pathological alteration, vacuolations of epithelial lining of renal
tubules and congestion of blood capillary. However, it has been found
that, an improvement has been happened in kidney after administration of
both Ginkgo biloba and acetaminophen.
In conclusion, it was found, in this work, that Ginkgo biloba has a
protective effect against hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in rats
as it participated in a melioration of the effects exerted by acetaminophen
on biochemical and histological changes observed in this study.