الفهرس 
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Abstract
With advancing age, the normal function of eye tissues decreases and there is an increased incidence of ocular pathology. Senile changes of the eyelids include: blepharochalasis, relaxation of tarsal ligaments, tarsi and orbital septum may show defects through which orbital fat may prolapse. There are correlations between age and diffuse fibrosis, diffuse atrophy, and periductal fibrosis in the lacrimal gland. Diffuse fibrosis and diffuse atrophy in orbital lobes were more frequently observed in women than in men. There is a relationship between the anteroplacement of the mucocutaneous junction and the conjunctivochalasis with aging. Dry eye, or kerato conjunctivitis sicca (KCS), is a chronic and sometimes debilitating condition resulting from tear film dysfunction. Arcus senilis is the most common of all senile changes in the cornea. A condition called crocodile shagreen may appear clinically. Reduction in keratocyte and endothelial cell density with increasing subject age occurs. Interestingly, corneal sub-basal nerve fiber density also significantly decreases with increasing age. Aging is accompanied by three main changes in the lens: nuclear discoloration, increased light scatter mainly in the nucleus and occurrence of cortical opacities. With aging, the human lens exhibits increased aggregation of the lens structural proteins and an increasing amount of water-insoluble protein upon homogenization. Several laboratories have implicated the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) as being responsible for the bulk of these protein modifications. With increasing age the vitreo-retinal attachments weaken, and posterior detachment from the retina may occur, following which the vitreous shrinks towards its base. Liquefaction -more accurately syneresis- of the vitreous increases with age. Morphologic studies in aging eyes have shown an increase in accumulation of extracellular material in both the trabecular meshwork and ciliary muscle and a loss of trabecular meshwork cells.