الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate some selective immunological, antioxidant and biochemical parameters as well as growth promoters effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation as a feed additives in calves Thirty buffalo calves were divided into 3 groups. Group I: control one, Group II: treated orally with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) at a dose rate 30g once daily/calf for 12 weeks and Groups III: treated with 60g Sc once daily/calf for 12 weeks . The treatment with Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in significant increase in the body weight ,blood glucose level, total protein ,albumin and A/G ratio ,while AST, LDH activities, globulin concentration ,uric acid and creatinine levels are insignificantly changed. The level of MDA is significantly decrease .Meanwhile catalase , GSH level , serum lysozyme ,bactericidal activity and serum NO level are significantly increased .we are concluded that Saccharomyces cerevisiae treatment in the calves has desirable effects on the body weight , serum antioxidant enzymes and some immunological parameters. Also has no toxic effect on kidney or liver functions.In the present study, liver tissue samples for morpho-pathological studies were collected from slaughtered fattening calves aging from 2 to 4 years from Qena, Sohag, Giza and Cairo abattoirs.
The samples were collected in a period from December 2008 to March 2012. After slaughtering, gross liver lesion in one hundred and fifty six cases from 1500 examined livers were found. These were classified pathologically in fattening calves into:I- Dystrophic changes:-
It was found in four lesions (hydropic degeneration, fatty degeneration or change, glycogen infiltration and hyaline droplet degeneration). In cases of hydropic degeneration grossly, liver showed pale irregular area on its surface while microscopically, showed foamy appearance of its cytoplasm. In cases of fatty degeneration or change liver grossly, appeared yellow and greasy in ticture while microscopically, its hepatocytes overloaded with fat with lipofuscin pigment in addition to narrowing of blood sinusoids. In cases of glycogen infiltration, liver grossly, appeared firm in consistency while microscopically, hepatic cellwas vacuolated with H&E stain and PAS positive with PAS stain. In cases of hydropic degeneration, liver grossly, appeared reddish brown and firm in consistency while microscopically, the hepatic cell cytoplasm contained small homogenous eosinophillic materials
II- congestion:-
Grossly, liver appeared dark red in color and oozing blood on cut surface. Microscopically, all vasculatures of the liver were dialated and engorged with blood.