الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Tissue engineering is a radical new approach to the repair and replacement of damaged or diseased body tissues. Cells, often seeded into or shaped around the biomaterial matrix, are used to replace damaged or diseased tissues or stimulate repair by the body. Williams, D. F. ,2003 ) . Tissue engineering is based on the creation of new tissues in vitro followed by surgical placement in the body or the stimulation of normal repair in situ using bioartificial constructs or implants of living cells introduced in or near the area of damage. Though it is mainly concerned with using human material,either from the patients themselves (autologous) or from other human sources (allogeneic), material from other mammalian sources has also been used in humans (xenogeneic) . There is also some progress in veterinary tissue engineering in horses and dogs using autologous cells. (Patrick, C.W., et al , 1998 ). Now tissue engineering in urology is a fast emerging field with researchers and clinicians world wide seeking off the shelf replacements bladder & urethra , and which are suitable for clinical use . The main problems encountered are that of developing a suitable carrier for cells, with organic matrices, the potential risks of infection and antigenic complications are major obstacle, and further more synthetic matrices have functional, mechanical & structural problems which limit their clinical usefullness. ( Atala A., 1999 ) . Research in cell-based bladder tissue-engineering began about two decades ago.In Today’s lancet, Anthony Atala and colleagues report the first human clinical trial with engineered bladders . Seven patients with myelo-meningocele and resultant dysfunctional bladders underwent bladder augmentations with autologous, smooth muscle, and urothelial cell-seeded scaffolds.