الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Mucous membranes are one of the largest organs of the body and represent the actual bridge between the outside and the sterile internal systemic environment.
Mucosal vaccines have a great attention lately to control most of human pathogens which invade through or cause infection at mucosal surfaces and causing economic losses both in developed and developing countries. The mucosal vaccine registered know are very limited due to the complex barrier system face the vaccines and most of them based on live attenuated pathogens or vectors which contain their own danger.
Natural immune-modulators offer a low cost and effective method for improving disease resistance and stress tolerance, increasing the effectiveness of vaccines and reducing the need for more drastic and expensive disease control measures. Plant extracts can be used as immune-modulatory adjuvants as well as bioreactors for protective delivery of mucosal vaccines. Oral delivery of vaccine has a simple accessible and attractive mode of immunization due to its ability to protect against pathogen colonization at different mucosal sites, thus preventing systemic infections from occurring.
The outcome of this work was to demonstrate the ability of using some plant extracts either alone or combined with microbial component to be used as unconventional oral adjuvants and delivery system to oral HKST vaccine for enhancing the innate mucosal immune response and delivering the vaccine to target cells in mucosal immune system.
In this study a total of 136 rats of 2- 3 weeks age from both sexes were used and randomly divided into 3 main groups. The susceptibility pattern of Salmonella Typhimurium after I.P injected and orally inoculated and then isolated from spleen, liver, caecum, lung and heart revealed that it was sensitive to Amikacin (AK), azetronieum (ATM), ceftriaxone (CRO), cefotax (CTX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), nalidxic acid (NA), chloramphenicol (C), gentamycin (CN), and trimethoprime / sulphamethoxazole (SXT), while it show resistant to colistin (CT), erythromycin (E), rifampicin (RA), tetracycline (TE), ampicillin (AM) and cefuroxime (CXM).