الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present work is concerned with the effect of antibiotic drugs; tetracycline hydrochloride on some genes of mice embryo 20th day of gestation. Tetracycline (and their derivatives) is broad –spectrum antibiotics used in the treatment of for example, (Rickettsial infections, acute Q fever, Inflammatory acne Vulgaris, respiratory tract infections, community – acquired pneumonia (CAP), syphilis and early Lyme disease, it has several toxicity to the fetus when taken by the pregnant women. As (spontaneous abortion, defects in developments, malformations and mutagenesis (causing genetic malformation). The present experimental study was carried out on the albino mice, which provided from Theodor Bilharz research institute; El Nile road, Warrak El Hadar, Embaba, Egypt. The used mice in the present work were arranged in different groups in the two subunits of gene ND1 &ND2 G1- The control mice (C) were of the same strain of the treated mice these mice were treated under the same conditions with the dose solvent (saline solution) G2- Males were injected daily for 15 days with tetracycline hydrochloride, and then they allowed mating with control females. G3- Females (before mating) were treated daily with tetracycline hydrochloride for 15 days, and then they were allowed mating with the normal males. Injection for these females continued until the end of pregnancy. G4- Males and females were treated daily with tetracycline hydrochloride for 15 days, the treated animals were allowed mating with each other. And then, injection continued for females only until the end of pregnancy. All treated groups were intraperitoneally injected with a dose of tetracycline hydrochloride’’12mg/kg’’. In the present investigation, the molecular techniques investigated the effects of the drug on embryo 20th day of gestation (of each group) on NADH subunit (I&II) gene by PCR-RFLPs technique. The restriction fragments length polymorphisms (RFLP) enabled specific identification and genetic differentiation between the four different studied groups. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) facilitates amplification and analysis of selected fragments or gene. The selected (NADH) subunit (I&II) gene of each group has been amplified using PCR technique. RFLP profiles of genes were obtained by digestion with eight restriction enzymes (StyI, DraII, NaeI, BseRI, BsgI, MfeI, BamHI, SspI). The obtained results confirmed that the tetracycline has mutagenic effect on the gene ”NADH’’ subunit (I&II) of the foetuses (20th day of gestation).Some of these mutations have been detected by using the bioinformatics. The bioinformatics approach has enabled us to predict the RNA secondary structure of ”NADH’’ subunit (I&II) genes of the foetuses of the different studied groups. The predicted RNA secondary structure transcribed from NADH gene (ND1) of the foetuses of the 1st group is the least stable one. And for the ND2 subunit the 1st group is the most stable and the 4th group is the least stable one. This approach has also enabled us to study the phylogenetic relationship between foetuses of the different studied groups. Which used to analyze protein sequences data. In the present work, the phylogenetic trees illustrated the probability of the close relations between the foetuses of the different studied groups based on the amino acid alignment. these trees showed that foetuses of the 1st (N♂+ N♀) group are closely related to the 2nd (T♂+ N♀) groups followed by those of the 3rd (N♂+ T♀) while fetuses of the 4th ( T♂+ T♀) group showed higher divergence for the two subunits ND1 & ND2.