الفهرس 
Physiology and Pathophysiology of painOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Hemodynamic responses of laryngoscopy and laparoscopy should be attenuated by the appropriate premedication, smooth induction, and rapid intubation. Moreover, Postoperative pain is difficult to be managed with the use of opioids analgesia alone, so multimodal pain management is a method to improve postoperative analgesia with minimal side effects. Pregabalin and clonidine have sedative and anxiolytic effects as oral premedicants and decrease the need for intraoperative analgesic drug requirement. They also decrease the need for analgesics in postoperative period.The present study evaluated the clinical efficacy of oral premedication with pregabalin or clonidine for hemodynamic stability during laryngoscopy and pneumoperitoneum. It also aimed at assessing the perioperative analgesic consumption in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A total of 60 healthy adult consented patients aged 18 to 60 years with American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) physical status I of both sexes, who were scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, were randomized to receive pregabalin (300 mg) Group P, clonidine (200 μg) Group C, or placebo Group O, given 90 minutes before surgery as oral premedication. Anesthetic technique was standardized and all groups were assessed for preoperative sedation and anxiety level along with changes of heart rate and mean arterial pressure prior to premedication, before induction, after laryngoscopy, pneumoperitoneum, and extubation. Intraoperative propofol, isofluran, and opioid drugs requirement and any postoperative complications were also recorded. Patients were studied at 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h postoperatively for Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and ketorolac and pethidine consumption.