الفهرس 
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Abstract
Toxicity in humans is a threatening truth and much more than any disease caused by any organism as toxic substances are everywhere-in air,in water and in food.many compounds which are essential to use for human such as insecticides are widely used nowadays in veterinary prodcts to control insects on cattle,sheep,and pigs
Environmental pollution including the increased use of
various types of pesticides in the modern world led to a
greater emphasis on the possibility of series environmental
contamination arising from their use (Durham et al., 1965;
Vettorazzi, 1975 and Cremlyn, 1978). These pesticides
having injurious effects including damage of lung, nervous
and reproductive system, dysfunction of the immune and
endocrine system, birth defects and even cancer
(Muhammad et al ., 2009). Among of these pesticides are
cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin (LTC) represented a
synthetic pyrithroid group. LTC is employed to control or treat
ectoparasites with good results (kakar et al., 2009 and shah et
al., 2009).
The applied insecticide
Lambda-cyhalothrin [a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-
3(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] ( LTC). It is a synthetic type ii
pyrethroid insecticide, yellowish brown liquid and odor
harmful if inhaled or swallowed, cause moderately eyes
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INTRODUCTION & REVIEW
irritation , skin and respiratory system irritant ((Meister, 1992 and
Kumar et al.,2008).
LTC is effective and persistent activity against a large
variety of arthropods harmful both to human and animal health,
and to vegetal production (WHO, 1990). LTC is widely used in
veterinary products to control lices, flies, and ticks on cattle,
sheep, and pigs, as well as used in agricultural formulations to
control numerous insect pests on fruits, vegetables, and field
crops (Leahey, 1985; Schenone and Rojas, 1992; Davies et
al., 2000 and Kroeger et al., 2003). Regarding to
effectiveness and to their low toxicity, synthetic pyrethroids
appear to be the first- choice insecticide for this type of use
pattern because they are much more effective against a wide
spectrum of pests than other insecticides particularly, organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides
(Pauluhn, 1999).
Lambda-cyhalothrin has the hazardous risk including
irritating to eyes, skin and upper respiratory system. Ingestion of
this insecticide could lead to neurological symptoms such as
tremors and convulsion aspiration of the solvent in to the lungs
(WHO, 1999).
Due to their lipophilicity, pyrethroid insecticides favor
absorption through the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and
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INTRODUCTION & REVIEW
also confer preferential distribution into lipid-rich internal
tissues, including body fat, skin, liver, kidney, ovaries and the
central and peripheral nervous systems (Soderlund et al., 2002).
Liver is the major site of pesticides metabolism and this soft
tissue accumulates a greatest concentration of its metabolites
(Rickard and Brodie, 1985).
Pyrethroids affect the nervous system of the organism,
it act by disruption the gating mechanism of sodium and
calcium channels (Narahashi, 1996; NPTN, 2001 and
Clark and Symington, 2007). Several reports have shown
that pyrethroid type II insecticide exposure inhibited cell
proliferation in rodent bone marrow (Celik et al., 2003 and
2005). They generated probably oxygen-reactive species
(ROS) which led to oxidative stress. Many side effects of
(LCT) such as noising, rolling gait, salivation in
coordination progressing to causes tremors and death in rats
have been reported (Righi and Palermo, 2003). In rats, LTC
produced a sever syndrome characterized by salivation and
choreathetosis (Martnez-Larranaga et al., 2003). Also
clinical signs including salivation, licking of legs and other
body parts, muscular tremors, ataxia and convulsion was
observed in rabbit by (Abdul Basir, et al., 2011).