الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary and Conclusion
Seven species of Mediterranean Sea fishes, belonging to three families Sparidae, Serranidae (Order: Perciformes, Class: Actinoptergii) and Mugilidae (Order: Mugiliformes, Class: Actinoptergii) were cyto- and molecule-genetically studied, using air drying technique and RAPD-PCR analysis. The results of cytogenetical analysis (karyotyping) and of RAPD-PCR analysis were compared with those obtained from the classical methods in taxonomy using morphological characters, the following is a summary of the results.
Family: Mugilidae
Mugil cephalus
The most counted spreads of this species were found to have adiploid chromosome number of 2n= 48, all were acrocentric chromosomes; FN=48.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to examine the genetic variability on Mugil cephalus produced different RAPD band patterns of number of 13 bands ranged approximately from 190bp by the Primer OPG-2 to 1300bp by OPE-6 primer. The generated bands ranged in number from 1 by the primers OPE-6 to 4 bands by the primer OPG-2, where only OPG-2, OPO-2, OPO-6, OPE-6 and OPM-2 primers that were amplified successfully giving distinct RAPD patterns.
Liza ramada
chromosomal analysis of L.ramada showed a diploid chromosome number 2n=48; FN=50. The chromosomes were arranged in two groups, a group of one pair of submetacentric chromosomes and the other group included twenty three pairs of acrocentric chromosomes.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to examine the genetic variability on Liza ramada produced different RAPD band patterns of number of 14 bands ranged approximately from 190bp by the primer OPG-2 to 1500bp by the Primer OPE-5. The generated bands ranged in number from 1 by the primers OPE-5 to 4 bands by the primer OPM-2, where only OPG-2, OPO-2, OPO-4, OPE-5 and OPM-2 primers that were amplified successfully giving distinct RAPD patterns.
Family: Sparidae
Diplodus annularis
The chromosomal analysis of Diplodus annularis indicated that, it has a diploid chromosome number of 2n=48; FN=54. The chromosomes were arranged in three groups; two pairs of metacentric, one pair of submetacentric and twenty one pair of acrocentric chromosomes.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to examine the genetic variability on Diplodus annularis produced different RAPD band patterns of number of 25 bands ranged approximately from 240bp by the primer OPG-2 to 1100bp by the primer OPE-6. The generated bands ranged in number from 1 by the primers OPE-6 and OPG-2 to 7 by the primer OPM-2 and OPO-2, where all primers worked successfully with this sample except OPA-11, OPA-4 and OPE-5.
Diplodus sargus sargus
The chromosomal analysis of a model sample of this species demonstrated that the diploid chromosomal number is 2n=48 but the karyotype of this species cannot be constructed because of the undifferantiated chromosome arms.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to examine the genetic variability on Diplodus sargus produced different RAPD band patterns of number of 18 bands ranged approximately from 190bp by the primer OPG-2 to 800bp by the Primer OPM-2. The generated bands ranged in number from 3 by the primers OPO-6 to 6 bands by the primer OPM-2, where only OPG-2, OPO-2, OPO-6 and OPM-2 primers amplified successfully giving distinct RAPD patterns.
Family: Serranidae
Epinephelus aeneus
The counted metaphase spread of Epinephelus aeneus showed 2n=48; FN=48. These chromosomes are allocated into only one group of acrocentric chromosomes.
The RAPD PCR analysis indicated that all amplified primers produced fragments with this fish except OPE-6 and OPG-2 primers, 23 are all the bands varied from 1 by the primers OPE-5 to 4 by the primers OPA-11 and OPM-2, the size of these bands varies approximately from 150bp to 1100bp by the primers OPA-11.
Epinephelus marginatus
The chromosomal analysis of E. marginatus showed that it has a diploid chromosome number of 2n=48; FN= 64. These chromosomes were arranged in three groups; four pairs of metacentric chromosomes, four pairs of submetacentric, and sixteen pair of acrocentric chromosomes.
The RAPD-PCR analysis of Epinephelus costae, all primers reacted with this species except OPE-6 and OPM-17 generating 23 bands, the bands varied in number from 1 by the primer OPA-11 and OPO-6 to 6 bands by the primer OPO-2, the size of these bands ranged from 170bp to 900bp by the primer OPM-2.
Epinephelus costae
The karyotype of this species was found to have a diploid chromosome number of 2n=48, which is divided into one group of acrocentric chromosomes; FN= 48.
In the RAPD-PCR analysis of Epinephelus costae, all primers reacted with this species except OPE-6,OPO-6 and OPA-11 generating 24 bands, the bands varied in number from 1 by the primer OPE-5 and OPG-2 to 8 bands by the primer OPM-2, the size of these bands ranged from 140bp with OPG-2 primer to 1250bp by the primer OPM-2.
Data of the presence / absence of fragments of the seven Mediterranean Sea fishes from family Mugilidae, Sparidae and family Serranidae using ten OPERON primers to calculate the genetic similarity as found in the following figure
Dendrogram using Average Linkage (Between Groups). 1. Mugil cephalus, 2. Liza ramada, 3. Diplodus annularis, 4. Diplodus sargus sargus, 5. Epinephelus aeneus, 6. Epinephelus marginatus and 7. Epinephelus costae.
No information is available in the literature on the relationship between the seven species under the present study, so the results of dendrogram in the present work are therefore the first recorded one.
The author concluded from the present investigation that each species has its own particular chromosome complement and RAPD-PCR is a useful tool for estimating the genetic variability and degree of similarity among fish species.