الفهرس 
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Abstract
The neonatal period is the first 28 days of life. It is a highly vulnerable period because many physiologic adjustments essential for extra-uterine life are completed in this period (Goldenberg et al; 2008).
Any interference with or failure of these adjustments as premature birth; preterm (premature) infant is an infant who is born before 37 weeks of gestation regardless his weight, which lead to special problems of the newborn infant like: respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), acute renal failure (ARF), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and sepsis (Engle, 2011).
Because the rate of preterm births continues to rise, and because prematurity remains the most leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, worldwide prematurity accounts for 10% of neonatal mortality, or around 500,000 deaths per year (National Center for Health Statistics, 2008).
So the proper diagnosis and management of diseases associated with prematurity are critical issues facing the field of neonatology (Cotton et al; 2006).
Novel developments in technology leading to advances in the understanding of disease affect the manner in which patients are diagnosed and subsequently treated, as the rapidly expanding field of genomics which serves as an example: technological developments allow the complete analysis of an individual’s genome to determine one’s risk of various complex diseases, with the goal of personalized medicine (Salonen et al; 2007; McPherson et al; 2007).
By the completion of the Human Genome Project in (2003) and the subsequent work of the International HapMap Project have provided the technology and resources necessary to enable fundamental advances through the study of DNA sequence variation in almost all fields of medicine, including neonatology (Murray, 2012).
For example, recently published reports of genome- wide association (GWA) studies, in which hundred of thousands to millions of genetic variants across the genome are tested for association with a particular phenotype in thousands of individuals, have identified replicable genetic loci that increase the risk for myocardial infarction, type II diabetes, and various other complex traits (Duerr et al; 2006).
With the technology for high- resolution DNA sequence analysis now available, polygenic, multifactorial diseases, such as those commonly encountered in the neonatal ICU (NICU), are now amenable to high-throughput genetic dissection. To date, the study of common DNA sequence variation in neonatology has been quite limited (Maresso and Broeckel, 2009).
Nevertheless, well-designed genomic studies of the effect of DNA sequence variation on neonatal health and disease offers substantial opportunities to improve the diagnosis and treatment of vulnerable preterm and sick neonates (Cho, 2007).