الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa, L.) is one of the most important and leading crops of the world and now
is the major stable food of over half of the world populations. More important, it is the stable food
in area of high population density and fast population growth. The green revolution has enabled rice
production to meet the demand of the growing population and most of increased demand will be in
developing countries.
The demand for food grains in Egypt had been increasded and will continue to increase with
the increase in population and the rice in the standard of living. Rice culvated are ranged from 0.5
to 0.6 million hectare (1.2 to 1.5 million feddan) in Egypt. The average of rice producvity in 2009
season was 10.0 t/ha (4.27 t/fed and total rice producon was 6.0 million ton, which was sufficient
for local consumption and export. Further increase in rice production through increasing yield per
unit are in needed.
The possibility of improving productivity is depended upon many important factors such as
planting methods and nitrogen fertilization (El‐ Kady, 1992). Rice yield is highly affected by planting
methods (El‐ Kady and Abd allah, 2004). Planting method which is still one of the main limiting
factors in rice production, because of marked influence on the vigor of the growing plants and it is
very important to apply the most economical methods to obtain the maximum grain yield.
Therefore direct sowing methods are needed because of lab our shortage. Further more, rice grain
quality is usually better in direct‐ seeded rice (broad casting or drilling) than in transplanted rice
under normal soil conditions.
Increasing nitrogen efficiency through the use of optimum nitrogen fertilizer level is one of
the most important factors that limit productivity of rice. Because nitrogen is one of the basic plant
nutrients, it considers are of the major constituents of protein, lipids and nucleic acid molecules.
Nitrogen deficient lead to growth delay Less branches and growth of small fine and yellow color
leaves (Salem et al, 2004). Also, a nitrogen fertilizer has a vital role in the contents of nitrogen % in
rice grains and nitrogen uptake by rice plant (Ebaid and Ghanem, 2000).
This investigation aims to study the response of rice crop (Oryza sativa, L.) to conventional
and mechanical cultivation methods under N‐ fertilization levels.