الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The liver is a fascinating and complex organ and issubjected to a great variety of
disease states mainly of viral origin. Egypt has the highest countrywide prevalence of
hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the world. HCV-4 has been considered difficult to treat. Almost
all patients treated with peg interferon and ribavirin experience one or more adverse events
which are a major reason that patients decline or stop therapy.
Despite the uncertainty about the clinical efficacyand cost-effectiveness of certain
CAM and TM practices, expansion of their use in instances in which moderate evidence of
their efficacy and good evidence of their safety exists could yield health, social, and
economic benefits. Human and animal urine (Cow Urine, Pregnant mare urine (Horse
urine) which is one of the most prescribed drugs inthe United States, she- elepant urine,
he-goat urine ) have been used from the pre-historic to the present time both externally and
internally for a variety of medical, medicinal uses.
Camel’s urine has attracted special significance interms of folk medicine for people
in the deserts. The medicinal properties of the Arabian camel were known to Arab
physicians. Ibn Sînâ (Avicenna) mentions that chronic imbalance of the liver produces
jaundice, dropsy (istisqâ’), and swelling of the belly and that the health of the liver can be
restored through a temporary diet of camel’s milk and male Arabian Najîb camel’s urine,
Ibn al-Azraq and al-Suwaydî state, ”The cure [for dropsy] is to drink the milk of the she-camel - together with its urine - fresh out of the udder, and to use that every day and leave
everything else, for it is extremely efficient and of proven results.”. Ibn Sayyid al-Nâs
specifies, ”notably desert camels feeding on wormwood and southernwood.”. Wormwood
is among the herbs that are extremely useful in correcting digestive disorders in general
and for helping detoxify the liver in particular, and is used in the treatment of hepatitis. The
morphometric speciality of camel’s kidneys is considered the first natural factor. The
second is the high salinity of urine.In-vivo designed series of experiments in which a
mixture of camel’s urine and milk was given to Albino mice showed no effect on the
normal liver, kidney and stomach. Camel’s urine haspotent anti-platelet activity, an anti-cancer substrate (PM 701) prepared from camel’s urine which is natural, easily available,
cheap, sterile, non-toxic and can cause selective cell death of cancer cells and has
flourishing effect on normal skin fibroblasts at the tissue culture media.
The use of camel’s urine and milk indicated a highly significant hepatoprotective
effect against CCl
4
hepatotoxicit in rats. Fresh and fermented Dromedary camel’s milk
have been acknowledged for a long time in differentparts of the world to provide a
potential treatment for a series of diseases such as dropsy, jaundice ….etc. Camel’s milk
has Angiotension I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, Hypocholesterolaemic,
Hypoglycaemic, Antimicrobial, Hypoallergenicity andAnticarcenogenic effects.
The present study was conducted on seventy five Male Sprague Dowley, Albino rats
weighting around 150g; they were housed 5 rats in cage. Animals were divided into five
groups, 15 animals in each group, as follows: GroupI: used as Control. Group II: Rats
receiving CCl4. Group III treated with camel’s urine. Group IV treated with camel’s milk
and groupV treated with a mixture of camel’s milk and urine.
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The following investigations were done for all the studied groups:
Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase activity, alkaline phosphatase
activity,gamma glutamyl transferase activity (γGT),albumin and bilirubinlevels in the serum of theall
studied groups of rats. Histopathological examinations of the liver tissue were also carried out
parallel to the biochemical investigation.
The obtained results of this study revealed that:
There was a significant increase in the activity ofALT, AST, ALP, and GGT and in
the level of bilirubin total and direct in groups II, III.IV and V and a significant decrease in
the level of albumin in groups II, III.IV and V as compared to the control group.
There was a significant decrease in the activity of ALT,AST,ALP , GGT and in the
level of bilirubin total and direct in groups III.IV and V and a significant increase in the
level of albumin in groups III.IV and V. as compared to group II
By comparing to group III there was a significant decrease in the activity of ALT,
ALP and in the level of bilirubin total and direct in groups IV and V, and of AST in group
V and no significant decrease in the activity AST in group IV and of GGT in groups IV
and V and no significant increase in the level of albumin in groups IV and V.
There was no significant increase in the activity of ALT, in the level of albumin and
bilirubin total in group V and no significant decrease in theactivity of AST, ALP and in the
level of bilirubin direct in group V and a significant decrease in the activity of GGT in
group V as compared to group IV.
The results obtained in the present study are confirmed by the correlation study
which indicated that there was high significantly positive correlation among all studied
parameters in liver (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin). on the
other hand there was a high significantly negative correlation between all the previous
parameters in liver and Albumin.
Histopathologic results showed that CCl4 is a hepatotoxic agent causing fibrosis and
cirrhosis.Comparative histopathologic study of liver from different groups showed
improvnment in the cirrohitic rats treated with camel’s milk and urine. The best results
were obtained with the mixture of camel’s milk and urine
from the obtained results, it can conclude that:
Biochemical assay of serum paramaters indicates that the administration of camel’s
urine, milk and a mixture of both of them to the cirrhotic rats leads to improvement of the
enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT) activites and to the levels of albumin and bilirubin.
It is clear that the mixture of camel’s milk and urine is more effective than either urine or
milk.
Histopathologic results showed that CCl4 treated group caused the worst hepatotoxic
effects. While urine and milk treated groups showedbetter histopathologic features. But
the use of mixture of both camel’s milk and urine showed the best hepatic architecture.