الفهرس 
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Abstract
Regular Prophylactic vaccination of cattle and buffalo against Foot and Mouth disease virus and Bovine ephemeral fever virus has become an important input to maintain animal productivity and to reduce economic losses in Egypt.
Due to the economic losses caused by FMD and BEF viruses and advantages
claimed to be offered by combined vaccines as it have many benefits for the manufacturer , administrator and for the animal health ,the present study was
undertaken to evaluate the ability of prepared combined inactivated oil FMD+BEF vaccine contains FMDV serotypes circulating in Egypt (O, A, SAT2) to promote sustained protective immune response in calves following single dose application
compared with individual trivalent FMD, BEF vaccines
Three experimental batches of trivalent FMD, BEF and combined FMD /BEF
vaccines were prepared. Viruses were inactivated by binary ethyleneimine and
adjuvanted with Montanide ISA 206 oil for preparation of (W/O/W) double oil
emulsion vaccines, prepared vaccines were proven to be sterile and free from
bacterial and fungal contamination or viable viral residuals.
Susceptible calves free from either FMD or BEF antibodies were divided into
three groups. First group were vaccinated with FMD vaccine, second group were vaccinated with BEF vaccine and the third group were vaccinated with combined FMD/BEF vaccine. Serum samples were collected from the all groups weekly for one month then every two weeks and tested for determination of antibody titers against either FMD or BEF antigens using SNT and ELISA until reaching unprotective
antibody level.