الفهرس 
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Abstract
The crossing structures, concerned in the present study, used to overcome the problem of the intersections between different water ways or between water ways and roads, such as, bridges, culverts, aqueducts, and syphons.
So crossing structures has a great role for solving the problem of these intersections, besides that, old crossing structures itself which founded on the old canal and drainage network should be accommodate the new excessive discharge needed for feeding new canals. The old structures on the net may be replaced by new structures, which accomplished with high expenses. The other alternative is to ehabilitate the old structures for new discharges.
As the syphon became a widely used structure, it was necessary to understand the hydraulic behavior of such structure, in order to increase the hydraulic efficiency, without any damage and negative effects on the downstream canal sections.
This work presents the results of experimental study and theoretical approach aims to improve the inlet and outlet of the pipe syphon to decrease the head losses through the structure.
Theoretical study using dimensional analysis was employed to get the inter-relationships among the different factors affecting the head
losses through the syphon.
Dimension analysis presents an empirical equation for the
variables involved. Experimental study using different models with