الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common circulatory problem in which narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs, especially the legs. Peripheral arterial disease is a growing health-care problem. Prevalence ranging from 3% to 10% has been reported for the general population (increasing to 15 to 20% in persons over 70 years in primary health-care populations. These figures are likely to increase in the coming years, due to improving life expectancy of the Westernized population, and increasing prevalence of risk factors such as diabetes and obesity Disease staging and classification systems are important for clinical management of these patients. Based on the severity of symptoms Revascularization, either surgical or endovascular, is the gold standard treatment for patients with severe PAD. However, despite advances in surgical and endovascular techniques, more than 30% of patients do not qualify as candidates for revascularization because of excessive operative risk or adverse vascular involvement Thus, there is a critical need to develop novel strategies to promote neovascularization in patients with CLI who are not candidates for conventional treatments. Promotion of collateral vessel formation and angiogenesis in PAD is an important therapeutic strategy to minimize tissue injury associated with severe ischemia Stem cell-based therapeutic vascular regeneration could offer broad potential in treatment of vascular ischemic diseases, which still largely represent unmet clinical needs. A stem cell is a cell that has the ability to divide (self-replicate) for indefinite periods, often throughout the life of the organism. Stem cells can give rise (differentiate) to the many different cell types that make up the organism The stem cell is the origin of life. As stated first by the great pathologist (Rudolph- Virchow), “All cells come from cells”. The fertilized egg is formed from fusion of the haploid progeny of germinal stem cells. This fertilized egg is totipotent; from it all the tissues of the developing embryo are formed Stem cells can be classified into four broad types based on their origin, viz. stem cells from embryos, the fetus, the umbilical cord, and the adult. Each of these can be grouped into subtypes. Stem-cell therapy for peripheral arterial occlusive disease is one of the frontiers in the field of clinical research. A small numbers of reported studies have used stem cell-based therapeutic angiogenesis in patient with critical limb ischemia has promising future for treatment of ischemic diseases such as thromboangities oblitrans (Burger’s disease) This type of therapy has shown promise for developing new blood vessels in patients who have critical limb ischemia and who cannot undergo either bypass or percutaneous revascularization.