الفهرس 
THEORETICAL TREATMENT OF BE.AM FORMATION AND TRANSPORTOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 139 |  |  |
| | | from | 139 | | |
Abstract
INT!i:ODUC’l’luN ;
The shur·ply increased problems, arising with the
scientists and engineers who are working in the fields
associated with the investigation of the state of matter,
have drawn their attention to the possibility of applying
charged ~articlee• beam as a reliable diagnostic tool.
The frequent application of such technique has shown that,
higher current density at moderate voltage, improved means
to focus and control beam’s energy, and sensitive detectors,
had become inevitably needed. These requirements,
therefore, have stimulated the development of improved
electron and ion sources, on one side, and the application
of modern beam transport techniques, on the other. Hence,
it could make effective use of the available current density
for reaching the different experimental goals.
While the three main elements composing any charged
particles’ system (source together with electrodes, lens,
and analyzer) are important, the energy analyzer is more
distinguished in comparison. It is, however, an indispensable
element in an increasing number of both transient
and steady processes at a very wide range of temperature.
For example, it plays a specified role in the field of
plasma physics where it reveals informations that are
quantitively of more reliability compared with other diagnostic
tools, also, it is needed in the field of particles’