الفهرس 
Introduction.Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 306 |  |  |
| | | from | 306 | | |
Abstract
This study was carried out using 3 peel (pomegranate peel (Punic granatum L), peanut peel (A rachis hypogeal L), and Orange peel (Citrus sinensisL.) peel contains fiber and antioxidant. * The study was carried out as follows - Hundred twenty six adult male albino rats, Sprague Dawley strain, fed on basal diet for one week.rats divided into three groups and were housed individually in the wire cage. -All groups of rats were fed on the experimental diet for 28 days according to the following groups: - First group (6 rats) Rats fed on basal diet only the Negative control. - Second group (diabetic rats) Diabetic albino ware divided in to10 group 6 rats in each group and Fed several diets for 28 days as follows: Control: Fed basal diet as the positive (Diabetic control) (B). Group: Fed on basal diet +5% orange peels instead of starch (B1). Group: Fed on basal diet +7, 5% orange peel instead of starch (B2). Group: Fed on basal diet +10% orange peels instead of starch (B3). Group: Fedon basal diet +5% pomegranate peels instead of starch (B4). Group: Fedonbasal diet+7, 5%pomegranate peels insteadof starch (B5). Group: Fed on basal diet +10% pomegranate peels instead ofstarch (B6). Group: Fedon basal diet +5% peanut shells instead of starch (B7). 20 8 Summary Group: Fedon basal diet +7, 5% peanut shell instead of starch (B8). Group: Fed on basal diet +10% peanut shells instead of starch (B9). Third group (cholesterolemic rats) Hyperlipidemic albino rats ware divided in to10 group 6 rats in each group and fed several diets for 28 days as follows:- - Control: cholesterol control Fed on basal diet positive control (C). - Group: Fed on basal diet +5% orange peels instead of starch (C1). - Group: Fed on basal diet +7, 5% orange peel instead of starch (C2). - Group: Fed on basal diet +10% orange peels instead of starch (C3). - Group: Fed on basal diet +5% pomegranate peels instead of starch (C4). - Group: Fed on basal diet+7, 5% pomegranate peel instead of starch (C5). - Group: Fed on basal diet+10% pomegranate peel instead of starch (C6). - Group: Fed on basal diet +5% peanut shells instead of starch (C7). - Group: Fed on basal diet +7, 5% peanut shell instead of starch (C8). - Group: Fed on basal diet +10% peanut shells instead of starch (C9). After 4 weeks the effect of the different experimental diets on body weight gain, food intake, feed efficiency ratio, organs relative weight, glucose, liver function, kidney function, blood lipid profile and liver lipid profile were determined. 20 9 Summary The results of the present study can be summarized as follows The proximate chemical composition of orange peels, peanut shells and pomegranate peels included carbohydrates, protein, lipids, fiber and ash. The obtained results indicated of pomegranate peel the higher protein, lipid, fiber and ash while orange peel contained the higher carbohydrates. Minerals contents of orange peels, pomegranate peels and peanut shell are shown Orange peels, pomegranate peels and peanut shells contained had very low amounts of lead (Pb) and these amounts lower than the suggested by FAO and WHO, where all wance of lead was 100-300μg/day. Effect of feeding different levels of peanut shells, orange peel, pomegranate peel on relative weight of the organs in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Data illustrate that indiabetic rats a gradual increase in relative organs weight when orange peel,pomegranate peel and peanut shell levels increased. The statistical analysis showed a highly significant positive correlation between treatments and organs ratio. On the other hand, liver was increased by feeding on 10% in B6, while kidney was increased by feeding on groups B6 and B9 respectively. Our results revealed that there were non-significant difference between all relative organ weights of liver, kidney and pancreascompared to control Showed Blood glucose decreased gradually in diabetic rats after 2, 3 and 4 weeks of feeding with the increase of supplement level. Provided that data illustrate of a gradual decrease of blood glucose level in followed by orange peel, pomegranate peel and peanut shell supplement after feeding for 4 weeks. Data showed that, the effect of feed peels on blood glucose. Blood glucose was lower in the all supplemented diets compared to control (B). Groups B6 and B9 revealed lower values compared to others groups. 21 0 Summary Shows the effect of feeding different levels of orange peel, pomegranate peel and peanut shell also on liver functions in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. AST level in diabetic rats fed control (B) diet was 32.1±0.10 U/L. The gradual decrease of aspartame amino transferase (AST) levels also, alanine amino transferase (ALT) level decreased gradually when the supplement level increased. Alkaline phosphates (ALP), decreased with the elevation of the supplement level. Showed the feeding effect of different levels of orange peel, pomegranate peel and peanut shell on lipids profile in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Serum cholesterol in control group was 2.86±0.02mmol/L. triglycerides, free fatty in diabetic rats fed different levels of orange peel, pomegranate peel and peanut shell showed a gradual decrease as the level of supplement increased the table illustrates a decrease of Serum phospholipids, varies among orange peel, peanut shell and pomegranate peel feeding levels. HDL-cholesterol of serum showed a gradual increase as the feeding supplement orange peel, peanut shell or pomegranate peel increased. Reflects the effect of feeding different levels of orange peel, pomegranate peel and peanut shell supplement on kidney functions in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Serum creatinine level for rats fed control (B) diet was 0.74±0 mg/l00ml. Gradual decrease of serum creatinine was observed, as the feeding level diabetic of orange peel,pomegranate peelor peanut shell increased respectively. Urea showed a gradual decrease with the increase of Supplement levels. The values of food intake (FI) of hypercholesterolemia rats that treated with diets containing different levels of orange peels, peanut shell and pomegranate peel were higher than food intake of rats fed on basal diet 21 1 Summary containing control (A), on the other hand, food intake of the groups fed on basal diet containing on C9 peanut shell C5 and C6 pomegranate peel recorded more increase than that of the group fed on basal diet. It could be noted that the differences in values of food intake between all treated groups were not considerable, as compared to control groups. The obtained data revealed a slight variation in (FI) between treatments and this may be due to the acceptability of the added materials. On the other hand there were significant increases in the values of FER in all treated groups, except group of rats fed on C1 and C3orange peels in compared to positive diet (C). There were no significant differences in PER of hypercholesterolemia groups between the rats that fed on C1 and C3orange peels compared to C2 orange peels respectively. BWG of the group fed on hypercholesterolemia diet control (C) showed significant increase as compared to negative diet control (A). Feeding rats on orange peels at C1 or C2 showed non-significant changes, while the two levels of peanut shell induced significant increase in BWG as compared to control groups (C) and control (A). Meanwhile other organs resulted in non-significant correlation the correlation between liver and other organs resulted in highly significant increase. Brain was highly correlated with other organs except that of kidney. Meanwhile kidney showed a high correlation with spleen only. Heart showed a significant correlation with brain and heart only. Spleen was correlated with treatments, brain, kidney and heart. from the above mentioned data it could be concluded that the treatments showed a highly significant correlation with brain and significant ones with spleen only. They means that the treatments affected brain and spleen and this reflected their significance with other organs. 21 2 Summary A gradual decrease of hemoglobin was observed as the feeding level of orange peel, pomegranate peel and peanut shell elevated. A gradual elevation of White blood cells was observed as the feeding level of orange peel,pomegranate peel and peanut shell while reduction of CBC was observed as the feeding level of peanut shellelevated. A gradual reduction of Red blood cells was observed as the feeding level of orange peel, pomegranate peel elevated. A gradual reduction of Platelets was observed as the feeding level of orange peel, peanut shell or pomegranate peel elevated. Results of the effect of peels on the amount of serum cholesterol and triglycerides of hypercholesterolemia rats, showed that, total cholesterol and triglycerides levels were pronounced decreased in rats fed on C9 peanut shell (100.34 ± 3.62 and 43.4± 4.94), respectively followed by C2 orange peel (125.73 ± 3.09 and 46.24 ± 4.63). The statistical analysis showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol and triglycerides of all treated groups with different levels of nutritional wastes when compared with control positive, on the other hand, it could be observed a negative correlation between total cholesterol, triglycerides and levels of nutritional peel. Liver cholesterol in hypercholesterolemia rats fed different levels of orange peel, peanut shell or pomegranate peel decreased gradually as the level of supplement increased. Liver triglycerides in hypercholesterolemia rats fed different levels of orange peel, peanut shell and pomegranate peel showed a gradual decrease as the level of supplement increased. 21 3 Summary The obtained data showed a gradual l0% peanut decrease of liver content of free fatty acids as a result of increased feeding orange peel, peanut shell and pomegranate peel as supplemented in the diet. On the other hand, feeding rats on hypercholesterolemia diet containing, orange feed level 5% peanut shell showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in HDL-c as compared to7.5 and shell. It is worth to mention that, serum HDL-c in the group fed on hypercholesterolemia diet containing C9andC6 were the best because all treated rats with levels of peel showed significant increase (P<0.05), compared to this group. from the obtained data, it could be concluded that HDL-c affected with the presence of levels of nutritional wastes. The highest decrease was found due to feed level C2, C4, C7. On the contrary, peel resulted in highest HDL-c values although there were non-significant differences between nutritional peel types. Hypercholesterolemia diet induced increase LDL-c in serum rats, compared to normal rats. However, hypercholesterolemia rats that fed on C1, C2 or C3 showed a significant decreased in serum LDL-c levels, the maximum reduction showed in rats fed on basal diet containing to10%peanut shell (C9), when compared to control (C) (34.41 ± 2.6&154.03 ± 8.07). The mean values of the ratio between LDL-c/HDL-c of all treated rats with all levels 5, 7.5% and 10% nutritional peel were decreased significantly P<0.05, as compared to control (C). The highest mean values of the ratio between LDL -c/HDL-c for tested groups were observed in the group fed on hypercholesterolemia diet 21 4 Summary containing 5% of peanut shell (C7), followed by group fed on 5% of pomegranate peel (C4) and 7.5% of orange peel (C2).While, the lowest mean values of LDL-c/HDL-c was observed in the group fed on basal diet containing 10% of peanut shell C9. Results obtained from this table showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the mean values of ALT enzyme in the group fed on hypercholesterolemia diet (group C) compared with the most treated groups. On the other hand, significant reduction in the levels of ALT enzyme in hypercholesterolemia rats were found when compared with control (C) from the above mentioned data, it could be concluded that feeding rats with basal orange peels was the best groups because these treatments led to highest reduction in AST with (C) while peanut shell was the best groups because ALT enzymes, as compared with control (C). The highest decrease in serum creatinine in all treated groups was found in the group fed on hypercholesterolemia diet containing 10 % peanut shell (C9). While the highest increase in serum creatinine was observed in other treatments containing 5% orange peel C1. from these results, it could be concluded that peanut shell are more effective in reduction the parameters of kidney function. Histological study of kidney, liver and Pancreas Microscopically, pancreas of rat from control (A) group showed normal islets of Langerhans (Photo 1).While, pancreas of rat from control (B) group showed atrophy and vacuolation of B cell of islets of Langerhans .Meanwhile, Pancreas of rat from all groups showed no histopathological changes. Necrosis of B cells of Langerhans was noticed in group B6 showing pancreatic tissue with preserved cells of islets of Han’s Langerhans 21 5 Summary revealed mild degenerative changes. Showed some significant difference compared to control. Conclusion In conclusion, supplementing with peels reduced serum cholesterol and triglycerides concentration. However, the highest reduction was achieved by feeding diabetic rats with 5%, 7.5 or 10 % orange peels and pomegranate peel, especially 10%. Recommendations 1. The hypoglycemic properties of some plants such as peels used in our study may be attributed to one or more of its photochemical including antioxidants. 2. Studied dietary fiber play preventive and protective roles against cardiovascular disease risk and diabetes. 3. The results indicated that peels can reduce blood glucose and it should be used as a basic in gradients of daily food of diabetic people. 4. Dietary fiber is recommended to be good nutritional therapeutic complements in diabetic cases with the help of medical therapy.