الفهرس 
Introduction
Anatomy of the shoulder jointOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Frozen shoulder; a term coined by Codman in 1934 is used to describe a condition with symptoms of shoulder pain and discomfort that is slow in onset and located around the deltoid insertion. The exact incidence and prevalence of frozen shoulder are unknown, but some authors have reported 2–5% incidence in the general population. The condition can be broadly divided into two categories: primary, in which there are no obvious causes, and secondary, where a cause can be identified from history, clinical examination and radiographic appearances. The three hallmarks of frozen shoulder diagnosis are progressive shoulder stiffness, sever pain (especially at night) that results in the inability to sleep on the affected side and a near complete loss of passive and active external rotation of the shoulder.
Diagnosis of frozen shoulder is essentially clinical. Laboratory studies do not contribute for its diagnosis. However, certain tests, such as full blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, serum blood glucose and thyroid function tests, may be ordered in secondry cases. MR imaging is recommended only if the physical examination indicates the possibility of another shoulder pathology.
Management of frozen shoulder is controversial, and many treatment options both operative and non-operative are available. Many researches have been conducted with regard to the most effective approach for treatment. Peripheral nerve block is popular among anesthesiologists and patients as an alternative therapy for pain relief. It can be administered as a single shot or continuously using a catheter. Suprascapular nerve block (SSNB) may be a more effective alternative treatment in cases of frozen shoulder.