الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 174 |  |  |
| | | from | 174 | | |
Abstract
The thesis under the title “Effect of Ionizing radiation on some polymeric materials for utilization in waste water treatment” can be representing the wastewater treatment using:
1) γ -radiation degradation of dyes and different toxic heavy metals ions.
2) Adsorption of such pollutants using some synthetic hydrogel based on Sod. Alginate with active cationic monomer such as Acrylic Acid and their nano-composite based on TiO2.
3) Effect of some parameters affecting on the adsorption capacity such as concentration of dyes pH and the composition of the prepared hydrogel at the maximum optimum condition.
The work of this thesis inquired more than 200 references of books, the research papers in this field. The results of this thesis are summarized as:
1) The gel yield percent determined to reach the hydrogel at its optimum condition 60% AAc and 40%Sod.Alg in presence of water solvent at 50 % concentration of both SA and AAc and irradiation dose 30 KGy at constant dose rate 1.2 Gy/s resulting in the copolymerization reaction by free radical radiation co-polymerization yielding maximum gel percent as 97% gel percent.
2) The results to prove the gel structure, can be carried out using FTIR spectroscopy and this can be followed the reduction of vinyl group (C = C) peak at wave number 1660 cm-1.
3) The stretching vibration bond at 1660 cm-1 characteristic of vinyl group (C = C), also X-ray analysis as well as XRD pattern which represents the new product of resulting hydrogel SA/AAc as a crystalline in its structure at (2Ɵ = 20). On other side it showed thermal stability up to 320oC more than their individual material as PAAc and SA.
4) Scanning Electron Microscope represented good impregnation of AAc monomer onto SA chains Structure with good surface properties of the surface on the hydrogel and its NC.
5) The swelling behavior was studied and showed that the hydrogel had high swelling percent as super absorbent water which showed as 2750 mg/g at (pH 7) representing its high super-absorbent material and according to their kinetics behavior; the prepared hydrogel has a Fickiant type where its Fickiant number (n) is lower than 0.5; the removal of dyes and heavy metals from waste water was followed by further preparation of NC of such hydrogel based on TiO2, which is characteristic by its high resistance for water stream more than its hydrogel texture structure.
6) Radiation degradation of dyes showed the better technique to remove the toxicity of both dyes and heavy metal ions from waste water; it showed the decrease of dye concentration from 1000 ppm in waste water to about 200 ppm. In addition, the adsorption of the initial concentration after irradiation degradation can reach the concentration of dye to about 95 ppm which can be controlled by the amount of adsorbent NC where the concentration can be decreased by increasing the mass of the adsorbent NC material to reach the concentration to a limited permissible value.
7) The equilibrium adsorption isotherm studied according to the frundlish model showed it depends on the initial concentration of dye the amount of adsorbent and the contact time of the adsorption, also the adsorption process depends on the pH of the media which showed that the adsorption takes place at pH range (7 -10) more than that in acidic media of (pH 3). This was due to the deprotenation of carboxylic group in AAc chains which leads to increasing the volume spaces of the network structure of the NC and therefore allowed to increase the adsorption capacity. This can be appeared by determining the empirical constant of frundlish equation (k) and (n) values. The two empirical constants referred to the ability of adsorbent materials and affinity of adsorbed dyes solution (n) and these empirical constants (k and n) can be determined and calculated.
8) The adsorption capacity increase with increasing the concentration of dyes. Furthermore; the adsorption capacity depends on the molecular weight of dyes solution where the adsorption capacity increased by increasing the molecular weight.
9) The results showed that the adsorption capacity increases with increasing the temperature where the adsorption capacity carried out and observed that adsorption capacity at 60oC > 40oC > 20oC respectively.
10) Thermodynamic parameters can be evaluated from the equilibrium adsorption isotherm expressed as enthalpy change (ΔH) , entropy change (ΔS) and energy (ΔE) which represented that (ΔH) has a negative value which represented that the reaction is exocermic reaction, while the values are lower than 21 kJ/mole which indicated that the most adsorption reaction followed by physical adsorption reaction also entropy change (ΔS) was limited to zero and this referred to order reaction and the adsorption followed by an equilibrium and regular interaction. In addition the value of free energy changes (ΔE) indicating a spontaneous adsorption reaction and equilibrium state of adsorption process.