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Abstract The present investigation studied the modulatory effects of garlic (Allium sativum) in the form of aged extract (200 mg/kg b.w, administrated orally for 30 consecutive days) on malathion-induced toxicity (0.1 LD50, 89.5 mg/kg b.w, administrated orally for 30 consecutive days), carbaryl-induced toxicity (0.1 LD50, 33.9 mg/kg b.w, administrated orally for 30 consecutive days), and their mixture in adult male Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). In addition, the study extended to detect any side effects for the aged garlic extract (AGE) on healthy rats. The results obtained here declared that AGE had no harmful effects on the body weight gain, relative organ weights (liver, kidney, spleen and thymus), cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), serum glucose and protein levels, serum lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, HDL cholesterol levels, and atherogenic indices). Also, AGE did not significantly affect serum transaminases (AST and ALT), serum alkaline phosphatise (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as blood glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activities, serum bilirubin (total, direct and indirect) level, and haematological parameters such as red blood corpuscles (RBCs), total and differential leucocyte, and platelet counts, haemoglobin (Hb) content, haematocrit (HCT) value, blood indices, and clotting time, kidney functions (serum urea and creatinine levels), and cellular immune response of healthy rats. Moreover, it significantly increased serum and liver total and reduced glutathione level and liver reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio, significantly decreased liver GSSG, and improved the burn-healing process. Treatment of rats with malathion and carbaryl (separately or in mixture) for 30 consecutive days induced a significant increase in the relative liver weight, cellularity of bone marrow, serum glucose, triglyceride, total and direct bilirubin, urea, and creatinine levels, triglycerides/HDL-cholesterol ratio, serum transaminases and ALP activities, blood G-6-PDH activity, and clotting time. While, they induced a significant decrease in liver and serum GSH, RBCs and platelets count, Hb content, HCT value, and DTH response as well as a delay in burnhealing. Also, treatment of rats with malathion alone for 30 consecutive days induced a significant increase in the relative kidney weight, serum LDH activity, and total agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) count. On the other hand, it significantly decreased serum total protein and albumin levels, liver GSH/GSSG ratio, and total granulocytes (neutrophils and eosinophils) count. In addition, treatment of rats with carbaryl alone for 30 consecutive days induced a significant increase in serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/HDLcholesterol ratios, and neutrophils count. On the other hand, it significantly decreased relative weight and cellularity of spleen and thymus and serum HDL-cholesterol level. Moreover, treatment of rats with malathion and carbaryl mixture for 30 consecutive days induced a significant increase in the relative kidney weight, serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/HDLcholesterol ratios, liver GSSG level, and serum LDH activity. On the other hand, it significantly decreased the body weight gain and relative thymus weight, cellularity of spleen and thymus, serum HDL-cholesterol and albumin levels, serum and liver total glutathione levels, serum albumin/globulin and liver GSH/GSSG ratio, total and differential leucocytes count. The pesticide-residues were detected only in renal tissues of carbaryl and carbarylcontaining mixture treated rats. The results of the present thesis indicated that AGE partially or completely modulated most of the side effects induced by malathion and carbaryl (separately or in mixture) on body and relative organs weights, cellularity of lymphoid organs, serum glucose and protein levels, and serum lipid profile and atherogenic indices. It decreased also the amount of pesticide residues in renal tissues of carbaryl and carbaryl-containing mixture treated rats. Moreover, AGE modulated the elevation shown in pesticide-treated rats in serum transaminases (AST and ALT), serum ALP and LDH as well as blood G-6-PDH activities, and serum total and direct bilirubin, urea, and creatinine levels. It also modulated the decrease in serum and liver GSH levels and cellular immune response as well as the delay in burn-healing shown in pesticide-treated rats. In addition, it modulated the normocytic normochromic anaemia, the alteration in total and differential leucocyte counts, the decrease in platelet count, and the increase in clotting time that induced by pesticides. On the other hand, AGE failed to modulate the increase in the bone marrow cellularity, clotting time and liver GSSG level in pesticides-mixture treated rats. Also, it failed to modulate the decrease in serum and liver total glutathione and serum GSH levels, and liver GSH/GSSG ratio in pesticides-mixture treated rats. In conclusion, AGE at 200 mg/kg b.w may be beneficial in enhancing antioxidant activity, improving immune response and decreasing the toxicity as well as restoring many of the physiological and biochemical functions in pesticide-induced toxicity. |