الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study aims to describe the methodology required for conservative approaches for the restoration of precious books and works of art made from paper.
Deteriorated samples were collected from the storage library of Islamic art museum (Cairo), the storage library of Coptic museum (Cairo), the storage library of maritime museum (Alexandria), Bani-Sweif museum (Bani-Sweif).
Isolation, identification, count, frequency and distribution percentage of the fungal and bacterial isolates from deteriorated manuscripts from all sites were recorded and discussed.
Concerning all genera (fungi and bacteria) isolated from all isolation sites the genus Aspergillus represented the highest distribution percentage (62.7%) while the genus Penicillium represented a moderate distribution percentage, on the other hand the genera Acremonium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium and Stemphylium represented low distribution percentages of 1%, 2.1%, 4.2%, 1% and 2.1% respectively comparing to all genera isolated (fungi and bacteria).
The genus Bacillus represented high distribution percentage (12.7%), while the genera streptococcus and staphylococcus represented low distribution percentages of 4.2% and 2.1% respectively comparing to all genera isolated (fungi and bacteria).
Concerning fungal identification thirteen fungal isolates namely Acremonium strictum, Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus clavatus, A. flavus, A. fumigates, A. niger, A. sulphureus, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium mersimoides, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. lanosum, P. verrucosum and Stemphylium botryosum and belonging to seven genera namely Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium and Stemphylium were isolated form deteriorated manuscripts from all isolation sites on Czapeck’s medium.
Five bacterial isolates were identified according to their morphological and physiological characters and namely Bacillus brevis, B. macerans, B. pantothenticus, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecium and belonged to three genera namely Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus were isolated from the deteriorated manuscripts from all isolation sites on nutrient agar media.
Quantitative screening of cellolytic, Proteolytic and amylolytic activities of fungal and bacterial isolates was carried out and the most potent isolate was subjected for further investigations. It was found that A. flavus was the most potent fungal isolate in cellulase, protease and α-amylase activity while B. macerans was the most potent bacterial isolate in cellulase and protease activity while B. pantothenticus was the most potent in α-amylase activity.
Effects of some environmental factors of incubation period, pH value, incubation temperature, inoculums volume, substrate concentration and flask capacity on the production of cellulase, protease and α-amylase by the most potent isolate was studied, moreover, Aspergillus flavus was selected for these tests as the most potent producer of cellulase, protease and α-amylase enzymes, the results summarized as follow:
• The incubation period of 6 days were ideal that gave the maximum cellulase and protease production while 7 day incubation was the ideal for α-amylase production by A. flavus.
• Medium with pH values of 3, 4 and 3.5 were the optimum for cellulase, protease and α-amylase production by A. flavus.
• The temperature of 30ºC was optimum for cellulase and α-amylase production while that of 25ºC was optimum for protease production by A. flavus.
• The inoculum volumes of 2, 4 and 3 ml were the optimum for cellulase, protease and α-amylase production by A. flavus.
• The substrate conc. of 4 gm / 100 ml gave the maximum cellulase production while that of 6 gm / 100 ml gave maximum protease and α-amylase production by A. flavus.
• The flask capacity of 500 ml was the ideal for cellulase, protease and α-amylase production by A. flavus.
Control of the isolated microorganisms was carried out through the determination the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and efficiency of the selected antimicrobial compounds (dichloroxylenol, trichlorophenol, thymol, mercury chloride and sodium azide) on the growth of fungal and bacterial isolates, the results summarized as follow:
• Dichloroxylenol conc. of 15 μg/ml was the most efficient antifungal conc. and A. flavus and P. chrysogenum were the most affected isolates while that of 500 μg/ml was the only conc. that exhibited a little effect on the bacterial isolates tested.
• Trichlorophenol conc. of 15 μg/ml was the most efficient antifungal conc. and Cladosporium herbarum was the most affected isolate while that of 125 μg/ml was the most efficient antibacterial conc.
• Thymol conc. of 15 μg/ml was the most efficient antifungal conc. and that P. lanosum was the most affect tested fungus. Thymol conc. of 250 was the most efficient antibacterial conc. and B. pantothenticus was the most affected isolate.
• Mercury chloride conc. of 15 μg/ml was the most efficient antifungal conc. and Cladosporium herbarum was the most affected fungus while nearly all conc. tested have no effect as antibacterial compound.
• Sodium azide conc. of 15 μg/ml was the most efficient antifungal compound and P. lanosum was the most affected fungus while the conc. of 50 μg/ml was the most efficient antibacterial conc. and Staph. aureus was the most affected bacterial isolate.
• Finally the detailed resulted data were tabulated to summarize the ideal concentration of each antimicrobial used for inhibiting the growth of the isolated microbial species individually.
Treatment and conservation of two new manuscripts was laboratory applied through the following:
• the Treatment of artificially infected manuscript with the isolated fungi then the treatment with each of the chosen MIC antimicrobes (Dichloroxylenol, Trichlorophenol, Thymol, Mercury chloride and Sodium azide) which resulted in growth suppression the of the tested microbes.
• Conservation of new manuscript from infection through the treatment with each of the chosen MIC antimicrobes (Dichloroxylenol, Trichlorophenol, Thymol, Mercury chloride and Sodium azide), then the inoculation with the isolated fungi , resulted that no growth was detected after one month at room temperature on it.