الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Rhinoplasty is considered one of the surgical procedures that may require the addition of material to augment the nose . Augmentation is necessary for both aesthetic and functional indications and could involve lateral nasal wall , dorsum , radix and tip.
Functional reasons for augmentation include providing structural support for areas deficient of material , such as the upper or lower lateral cartilage , or may be placed to camouflage irregularities of the bony dorsum and of the upper or lower lateral cartilage.
Reconstruction of middle third of lateral nasal wall may be necessary in certain functional and /or aesthetic problems . Surgery of this area of the nose is one of the most challenges in rhinoplasty and it is of the most functional importance as it corresponds to the smallest cross sectional area of the whole respiratory tract , the nasal valve , any alteration of structure or diameter of this region may cause nasal obstruction .
This hidden area is relatively unknown probably because of its lack of surgical exposure in the traditional closed endonasal approach in rhinoplasty. Treatment of the pinched lateral nasal wall or nasal insufficiency basically aims to increase the support of the lateral nasal wall and/or increase the nasal valve area.Cartilage spreader grafting technique is used mostly in these cases.other ways also include butterfly graft and alar batten graft.