الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Recently, the great advance in construction materials has resulted in many enhancements in their strengths, which, consequently, led to decreasing the structural elements’ sections. Moreover, the rapid progress in developing more advanced computational techniques for• structure analysis led to better understanding of the structural performance. However, this progress at the same time resulted in decreasing the safety margin of modem structures. As a result and due to several accidental and intentional hazards all over the world, several modern buildings collapsed. On the other hand, collapse of old structures generally occurs due to many reasons such as poor detailing and construction, strength deterioration due to aging effects.