الفهرس 
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASEOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are among the most common congenital malformations at birth, with an incidence of 8/1,000 live births. These defects are characterized by a heterogeneous group of abnormal communications and connections between the cardiac chambers and vessels with different hemodynamic consequences like pulmonary hypertension(PH). Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are often accompanied by pulmonary hypertension (PH), and the severity of PH is an important determinant of the prognosis of such patients. The development of pulmonary hypertension and its associated increased vascular reactivity is a common complication of CHD with increased pulmonary blood flow. Early surgical repair of these congenital heart defects has decreased the incidence of irreversible pulmonary vascular disease. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), an endothelium-derived peptide, has potent contractile and proliferative effects on vascular smooth muscle cells. Elevated plasma concentration of ET-1 has been reported in patients with PH of both primary and secondary forms, as in patients with PH caused by CHD.