الفهرس 
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Abstract
The basal ganglia, as a group of nuclei in the
interior of the brain, have extensive connections with
almost all regions of the brain with two main connecting
circuits related to the caudate nucleus ”the cognitive loop•
and the putamen ”the motor loop” (Williams et al., 1989).
They were thought to be only involved in the initiation
and control of movement, but it now seems clear that, they
are also involved in a number of neuropsychiatric symptoms
including psychosis, depression and dementia (Kaplan &
Sadock, 1991).
Recently the relations of several neuropsychiatric
disorders to dysfunctions of the basal ganglia became more
clear through the introduction of the neuroimaging
techniques which were not otherwise available and so, more
detailed structural and functional changes could be
detected.
The commonest neuropsychiatric disorders involved
are, Parkinsonism, schizophrenia, mood disorders,
obsessive compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder,
Tourette’ s syndrome, Huntington’s disease, Wilson 1 s disease 1
tardive movement syndromes and dystonic syndromes.