الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
There are number of risk factors leading to nephrotoxicity, but the most common and painful factor is kidney stones. About 80 % of kidney stones are composed of calcium oxalate. There are different methods which are used to remove the kidney stones, however, these methods are painful and require expert hand with available and appropriate equipment, in addition to their high cost .The recurrence rate without treatment is approximately 10% after 5 years and 50 % after 10 years. A study of idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formation demonstrated that the initial therapy for prevention of any type of kidney stone recurrence is increased fluid intake.
Water is a basic fluid that is essential for carrying out various physiological functions in the human body. Water consider a main source of minerals. These minerals may play a critical role in the inhibition of calcium oxalate stones formation.
The present study aims to investigate the effect of both Zamzam water and tap treated water in the prevention of calcium oxalate stones formation induced by ethylene glycol in adult male albino rats.
Our results showed that, Zamzam water has protective effect in the inhibition of calcium oxalate stones formation rather than tap treated water. In addition it has regulatory effects in some physiological, hematological and hormonal parameters which were tested and reaching them to almost the control level.