الفهرس 
THE BRAIN AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM:Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Interest m the interactions between the central nervous system
(CNS) and the immune system date back to Aristotle who hypothesized
a connection between physical health and mood. During the mid 1950’s,
Sclye demonstrated a clear relation among brain activity, endocrine
organs, and immune function. In 1964 this field was first referred to as
Psycho-immunology, later amended to J>rycho-neuro-immunology: the
study of interaction of consciousness, the brain and the CNS, and the
immtme system (Stoudemire and McDaniel, 1995).
In 1975, Adcr described the basic factors of psycho-neuroimmunology
as follows:
• Nerve endings have been folllld in the tisSlles of the immune
system. The central nervous system is linked both to the bone
marrow and the thymus, where immune system cells are
produced and developed and to the spleen and the lymph nodes,
where those cells are stored.
• Changes in the CNS (the brain and the spinal cord) alter
immune responses and triggering an immune response alters the
CNS activity. Animal experiments show that damage to different
parts of the hypothalamus can either suppress or enhance the
allergic type response.
• Changes in hormone and ncurotran.,mittcr levels alter
immune responses and vice versa. The stress hormones generally
suppress immune responses, but other hormones, such as Growth
hormone, also seem to affect immunity.
• Lymphocytes are chemically responsive to hormones and
neurotransmitters. Immune system cells have receptors that are