الفهرس 
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Abstract
Schistosomiasis is considered a neglected tropical disease (NTD) and mainly affects developing countries where water resources and poor sanitation allow development and infection of snails respectively. The high prevalence of these infections is closely correlated with poverty, poor environmental hygiene, and impoverished health services (Dabo et al., 2011).
Urinary schistosomiasis is one of the main occupational diseases that caused by Schistosoma haematobium. It is a human chronic illness disease that affects children’s growth and school performance (WHO, 2004).
The present study was designed to measure the prevalence of schistosomiasis haematobium among primary school children in some areas of Qualyobia Governorate of Egypt using different diagnostic methods and to find out the effect of Schistosoma haematobium infection on growth parameters of the affected children.
Atotal of 600 urine samples were collected from children aged 6-12 years attending nine primary schools in Benha City (540 samples) and a primary school in Meet El Aettar village (60 samples). All pupils registered in the selected schools (urban and rural) were eligible for inclusion in the study, irrespective of their age and gender while pupils who had congenital malformations and chronic illnesses were excluded.
For every student all the following was done:
I- Full history was taken from each child; Age, sex, grade, residence , water activities and symptoms like macrohaematuria.
II- Clinical examination: General examination including anthropometric measurements (body weight , height and BMI) and Local examination including Abdominal examination and other system review.
III- About 20ml of midstream urine samples were collected in 50ml capacity clean plastic container labeled with his/her name and date of collection. Each sample was examined by: Physical examination for aspect and colour , detection of microhaematuria by using a Self-Stick reagent strip ,and examination of Schistosoma haematobium ova by direct microscopic examination of urine samples after concentration with both centrifugation and filtration techniques then the number of eggs was counted per 10 ml of urine and intensities of infection were classified as 1-10 eggs, 11-49 eggs and 50 eggs for light, moderate and heavy infections respectively .
# The results showed that:
The prevalence of Schistosomia haematobium infection among primary school children in Benha city and Meet-El-Attar village representing urban and rural areas of Qualyobia Governorate was 32 cases (5.3%) out of 600 children.
In the current study, we demonstrated that there was a strong relationship between S. haematobium infection and the nutritional status of the children as expressed by infected children with S. haematobium had significantly lower body weight, height and BMI than their mates (low Z-score for age).
The number of schistosomiasis patients was noticed to be increased in boys which had higher infection rate (7.3%) than girls (3.1%).The age of the study group ranged from 6 to 12 years old, age groups distribution was as follows; up to 6 years, 7-8years, 9-10years and 11-12 years .It was noticed that all age groups, including young and older children, were well represented in schistosomiasis cases implies that all ages are susceptible to infection. It was noticed that the mean age of infected pupils is 9.0± 1.76 and the infection was more prevalent in age ranged from 9 to10 years.
In the current study, revealed marked increase in the prevalence of S. haematobium infection among children of rural group (15.0%) than in the urban group (4.3%) while the intensity of infection was higher (>50 eggs/10ml urine) in pupils attending urban schools (21.7%) than those attending rural one (11.1%). All the positive cases were exposed to canal water and more frequent in males (67.7%) than females (32.3%) through swimming and other activities. Different ways of exposure to canal water represented a significant risk of infection.
In the current study, children infected with S. haematobium had significantly lower body weight, height and BMI than their mates (P<0.001) (low Z-score for age). The most common symptoms in patients was urgency (6.3%) followed by frequency (6.0%) ,dysuria (5.7%) then suprapubic pain (2.5%) and lastly macrohaematuria as proved by questionnaire (1.7%).
The sensitivity of macroscopic haematuria in S. haematobium patients was (31.2%). The reagent strips were used to detect microhaematuria and others as a screening and indicators of urinary tract morbidity which was more sensitive (40.6%) and more accurate than macrohaematuria.