الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The results of the present study can be summarized in the following points:
A total of 500 diabetic patients admitted to Alexandria University hospital internal medicine units in the period from the first of January till the end of November 2013 , from sociodemographic point of view, 53.4% were female and 46.6% were males, the majority of the age of the studied patients ranged from 20 to 70 years, their ages ranged from 13.0 to 89.0 years with a mean age 47.43 ±17.36 SD, 84.4% were type 2 and 15.6 % were type 1, 64% of the patients were receiving oral anti diabetic agents, 29.8% were receiving insulin either as mono therapy or combined with oral agents, while 6.2% were newly diagnosed or not on previous anti diabetic medications. The duration of diabetes in the studied cases ranged from 0 (newly diagnosed) to 43 years with a mean 9.32 ± 7.86 years. 57.8% of the studied cases were resident in urban areas (Alexandria and other main cities), while 42.2% were living in a rural areas. Regarding family history of diabetes 52.2% were found to have a family history of diabetes mellitus among their first degree relatives father, mother, brothers or sisters, while 29% denied any family history, 18.8% were not know if they have family history of diabetes mellitus or not. Regarding the occupation of male patients 39.5 % of them were manual or free workers, 30.5% were not working (retired and/or disabled), 15.9% were office workers and 14.1% were trade workers, while in the occupation of the female patients 61.8% were housewives, 17.2% non working (retired and/or disabled), 11.6 % office workers and 9.4% manual workers. 67.2% of the studied cases were non smokers, 9% were ex-smokers and 23.8% were currently smokers.
The incidence of different complications of diabetes mellitus were as following: diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) 18.4%; non ketotic hyperosmolar hyperglycemia (HHS) 0.6%, hypoglycemia 8.2%, nephropathy 33.2%, neuropathy 34.2%, retinopathy 21.2%, cardiovascular complications 19.4%, cerebrovascular complications 6% and diabetic foot was 31.2%.
The patients of diabetes may be unaware for the early development of some complications like retinopathy and nephropathy so this necessitates regular follow-up and investigations like fundus examination and urinary albumin excretion rate to pick up those complications early.
The degree of glyceamic control for the patients has marked effects on the appearance of nearly all diabetic complications.
There were multiple risk factors which affect the development of the complications like hypertension, obesity (increase BMI), increase in serum cholesterol, increase in triglyceride, and smoking, all these factors need good control either by medication, type of food, and change in life style to reduce the complications of DM. the great majority of patients in this study do not have adequate levels of glycaemic, Lipid and blood pressure according to accepted standards.
There is important correlation between duration of diabetes and development of the chronic complications of DM.