الفهرس 
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Uro!,’)’necology encompasses lower urinary tract problems
such as acute urethrocystitis, incontinence, urgencyfrequency,
urethral sy11drome, urethral diverticulum, interstitial
cystitis, and voiding disabilities. The first two of these disorders
are encountered most frequently by those practicing obstehics
and b’Yllecology. Although each occurs in both men and women,
there is general agreement that cystitis and incontinence are
more c01mnon m women.
The person affected v.ith either of these often suffers
profound social, economic, emotional and physical stress. For
these reasons alone, it is important to have some understanding
of their prevalence and the risk factors associated with them.
Beyond this, however, the growing recognition ofthe substantial
impact on health care cost on a national scale adds further
impetus. TI1e costs of managing the problem of incontinence
alone arc estimated to the $10 Billion annually in USA. This is
a reflection, in part of the fact that incontinence is a major reason
for institutionalizing people with chronic debilitating illness
(Palmer, 1988).
Underreporting is surely a factor in gathering data on incontinence.
Women often do not mention their symptoms to
immediate members of their family and frequently do not vohm.